The Indian Chieftain. (Vinita, Indian Terr.), Vol. 16, No. 37, Ed. 1, Thursday, May 12, 1898 Page: 1 of 4
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INDIAN
CHIEFTAIN.
CHIEFTAIN PUBLISHING" CO.
VINITA INDIAN TERRITORY THURSDAY MAY 12 1898.
VOL. XVI. NO 37
3-1
THE
S.Hfc4?4afeL:;
igto>ogbg&g&gs&gBte jsi
SPANISH o MISRULE
IN THE PHiUPPlNES.
Even Cuba Never Suffered Sadi a Reign of Cruelty and Robbery as There Exists.
Via cnoa witn an itsaDominar-
tions scarcely affords bo re-
markable a picture ol Spanish
oppression miscalled govern
ment as may be seen in the Philippines.
11 is only the remoteness and isoletion
of these -unhappy Islands that has pre-
vented the atrocities there perpetrated
from arousing the indignation of the
whole world. The purpose of this ar-
ticle however is not to detail the shock-
Ing barbarilies practiced in times of dls-1
order; facts of This sort are already
tlvJoo familiar. I wish rather to
Uw the utter incapacity or tne span-
kh for the exercise of civilized govern
ment overji dependent province even in
still Keep up the bloody war or creeds
which raged in Spain itself for so many
centuriss. These latter are chiefly of
Malay origin and many of them are
professional head hunters well quali-
fied to retort Spanish outrages in kind.
There are tlso Chinese in large num-
bers and half-castes of all varieties.
The proportion of Europeans is small
even in the cities. The resident Span-
i inrds are all soldiers or officials of some
sort and are there simply for what
they can make by extortion and corrupt
practices.
'But Indeed pillage of the wretched
natires is the almost open aim of the
government the sole end for which it
ttPi
rs iL
rJW
i r
u&sa
ftai.TTT
tdtZ'TTWl
WitiS.
times of so-called peace; and this has
a much more vital connection wjtb the
Itimate Cuban problem than their con
flict when incensed by revolt.
The Philippines are extremely inter-
esting la tljHMelves but are seldom
visited "by! fflMjjfcjartlyin conse-
luence of thfPHyTK!3PWR5e"T)rdi-
ry linr of travel and partly because
r the" p if of Chinese seclusion cul
tivated b. e government. Tie cu-
aat; toe unhealthy even beyond
hat is H in the tropics ana ihe
of the covntry wmna-
W" Nrisii i.ages -n2 ban-
rr -t.
GOYEBNOR-GENERAL AND STAFF.
is organircd and maintained; so why
should petty officials be scrupulous. It
is the old Koman provincial system de-
nounced by Cicero 2000 years ago but
I in Spain unforgotten and unimproved
TVhat other use has she lor dependen-
cies except as a source of revenue
wrung by to rare from the misery of
fjaves and ..nldeiitaily as a fattening
ground for ner savage war dogs? Here
the dpiCfetablr A eylsr is feaid to have
accumulated t fortune pf sever-1 mil-
lions of dollars in three years more
than 20 times the whole amount of hit
salary!
T .. etuJs-emplcv""
r. '1 .s legal-
i
Si
I.. .
EsS&d
rV&i:
lSS
!.-
fiTiwnwTra
wHisr"ijriHl1
MANILA SEA WALL AND BATTERIES.
cursions beyond the limits ot the prin-
cioal cities very perilous. About COJ
islands are included in the group aud
the total area is considerable some
J50D0C square milec' three or four times
that pf Cuba. Exact data however are
llfficult to obtain mere are araum-
ide of insignificant islets nanny
known except upon the charisof nav
Igators; bat Luzon almost equals Cuotf
In extent and its chieXJStJ Manila has
"estimated at 300000r-
ler tnan that ot Havana. ahu
""the islanns probably contain
act less than 8000.000 sou.s; so that
ized system of robbery are mediealiu
character but often highly ingenious.
One of them is the "cedula pexsonal" a
sort of passport. Every person in the
islands over IS years or age anu acces-
sible to the authorities is required c
take out one of these documents; eveii
the women are not exempt. The cednla
must be renewed annually and the cost
ftSin $1 60 to 525 ncpcrdiug tc cir
cumstances the chief circumstance
being the victim's ability to pay. This
in a couulry -where wages sometimes
fall as low "as five- cents a daj ! Aud
auyone who holds a cedula costing lesi
cocoanut oil from the fruit of his own
orchard until he has obtained a license
and this also has its price. The or-
chard itself is taxed; everything is
taxed in the Philippines.
The te&idcnt Chinese are further sub-
jected to a special tax whether for ex-
isting or for not being something else
is not stated. They are not popular
and are treated with the most shame-
less injusticr. This the following inci-
dent will illustrate.
Fires are very frequentin Manila and
very destructive most of the houses
being of wood while the poorer dis-
tricts are a mere jumble of bamboo
huts thousands of which are some-
times consumed in a day without excit-
ing much comment. A fire in the busi-
ness portion however arouses more in-
terest; it affords opportunities that are
not to be neglected. On one such occa-
sion where the sccne of conflagration
was a quarter chiefly occupied by Chi-
nese shops the street was soon
thronged with an eager mob. The poor
Chinamen acting much like crazed cat-
tle had fled into their upper chambers
and locked the doors apparently pre-
ferring death by fire to the treatment
they were likely to receive outside. Dut
there was no escape. The "rescuers'
Spanish soldiers quickly broke in with
axes and after emptying the money
boxes hurled the wretched Mongolians
and all their goods into the street to
be dealt with at discretion. It was a
mere pretext for robbery and outrage
as many of the shops were remote from
the fire and in no danger. The next
morning the. middle of the street was
piled high with soiled and broken
goods; and anyone who cared to bribe
the sentries was allowed to carry oil
as much as he pleased. All day long
the carts went to and fro openly con-
veying away the plunder. The owners
were not in evidence; what had become
of them is not recorded. Such is the
"Fire Department" of Maniln.
Taxes are imposed for "improve-
ments" but no improvements are per-
mitted even when backed by foreign
capital. The roads remain impassible
canals of mud education is a farce the
introdncticn of machinery is frowned
upon and progress is obstructed.
The natural resources of the Philip-
pines are very grt-it and under n civil
ized administration these Islands would
cUrvBBBPKp"v?ri'.ment Ik ur.or.
erery"- F perennial blight is-
far more disastrous than the worst
outbreaks of savagery in tjme of wiy.
flls total Inability to ma'rtaln an en-
durable g07emfccnt In time of pea-e is
what marks tVe Snn'ard ?s hopeless-
ly unlit to rule. C KAT.
DESTRUCTION OF GERMS.
SallKfnrtory ltilU Obmlnrd from
the Vmc at Corrl c Sab!ltute a
a. Kunilentlng- Ajrrnt.
Prof. Konig of Cottingen in u recent
nrticle on this subject ?ays that one"
time while he was practicing medicine
in Ilanau he suddenly discovered that
his bedroom was inhabited by obnox-
ious Irwcts. A friend assured him that
he could easily get rid of the pests and
proceedeJ to fumigate the apartment
iUi corrosive sublimate. The success
of this measure was most gratifying
and when the room was opened the dead
bodies of various kinds or insects were
seen strewn about the floor. This in-
cident led the prorcssor to hope that the
same means would be effectual in de-
stroying the infectious elements of con-
tagious diseases and a trial in private
houses after scarlet fever and measles
and in hospitals after erysipelas or
pyaemia gave most satisfactory results.
Since adopting this method lie has
never setn a second case of a contagious
diseas: p-hich could be attributed loin-
fectioa remaining in the room In which
the patient had been confined. The
mode cf procedure is very simple. From
one to one nnd a half ounces of cor-
rosive sublimate are put on a plate over
a chafing dish and then the windows
and doors of the room are close!. At
the expiration of three or four hours
the windows src opened and the apart-
ment is thoroughly aired. The person
entering the -oom should take the pre-
caution of holding a sponge or cloth
over the mouth and nose In order not
to Inhale the vapor. The following day
the windows rre again- closed and some
Bulohur is burned in order to neutral-
ize any of the mercurial fumes which
may linger about the furniture and
other articles. The room should then
be again aired and cleaned when it will
be ready for occupancy.
f raw ma-1
?nauUh cruelty finds plenty of
...j ot of it is raw to the last de-
medley of diverge and hostile
TTnr from the puny and dy
PCe "n7 of the Negrito who live
Hke wild beasts in the highlands sub-
I. .. " the roots which they claw
t at the ground 'to the fierce and
KipMuS f Mohammed tribes that
A MESITO AND A MOBO TOUTH.
than three dollars is further required
to rendpr the government 13 days'- of
unremuncrated labor.
But the cedula is only one dtvice out
Of many for extracting gold frpm the
refractory ore of poicrty. A hungry
native cannot kill his own hog or buf-
falo for meat without a special permit
which of course must be paid for. He
is not allowed to press out a tiint ol
Ballard's Enow Liniment
is a remedy that would be in every
home if all knew what thousand- in
all parts of the continent have learned.
Those who have u-crt ordinarv lini-
ments arc amazed at what .Snow lini-
ment docs and the rapidity with
which It docs It. Cures lame back
rheumatism neuralgia sort-ms brui-
ses strains macular painaiiywhcre.
Koua IV irood ior aiuui.ii. i r
Discovered by a 'Woman.
Another great discovery has been
made and that too by a lady in this
country. "Disease fastened its clutch-
es upon her and for seven years she
withstood Its severest tests but her
vital organs were undermined and
death seemed imminent. For three
months she coughed incessantly and
could not sleep. She Anally discovered
a way to recovery by purchasinj; of
us a bottle of Dr. King's new discov-
ery for consumption and was so much
relieved on taking first dose that she
slept all night; and with two bottles
lias been absolutely cured. Her name
is Jlrs. Luther Lutz." Thus writes
W. C Ilamnick & Co. of Shelby N.
U. Trial bottles free at A. W. Fore-
man's drug store. Regular size 50c
and $1.00. Every bottle guaranteed. -Ik
Co-operation. "The old-fashioned
father believed in the co-operation of
patent and teacher." "Yes; when I
was whipped at school my father al-
ways whipped me again when I got
home."
Yellow Jaundice Cured.
Suffering humanity should be sup-
plied with every means possible for
its relief. It is with pleasure that we
publish the following: "This is to
certify that I was a terrible sufferer
from yellow jaundice for over six
months and was treated by some of
the best physicians in our city and all
to no avail. Dr. Bell our druggist
recommended electric bitters and
atfer taking two bottles I was entire
ly cured. I now take great: pleasure
in recommending them to any person
snffnrini from this terrible malady. I
am gratefully yours M. A. Hogarty
Lexington Ky. Sold by A. W. Fore-
man druggist. 4k
Bucklen's Arnica Salve.
The best salve in the world for cuts
bruises sores 'llccrs salt rheum fever
sores tetter chapped hands chil-
blains corns aud all skin eruptions
ami positively cures piles or no pay
required.. It is guaranteed to give
perfect satisfactions or money refund-
ed. Price 25 cents per box. For sale
by A. W. Foreman druggist. k yr
ALONG SPAIN'S COAST.
Many Seaports That Are Well Protected and Fortified
With Modern Ordnance.
HER THREE PIG NAVAL STATIONS.
2)0 H?ouv Spring ftrabino
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J.C.GRAY
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St
Extent of the Peninsular Defenses Is Net Appreciated in the
United States Some of the Tempting Points for
Attack by a Hostile fleet
(COPYRIGHT. iStf.)
Jfor flhnnv IReasons;
He has good goods; nothing- but the best
finds its way into his store. He has kind
and obliging clerks who take pleasure in
entertaining you and showing goods.
In his store is found everything carried by a first-class
General Mercantile Establishment.
2)r (Boobs Department
This department is full of nice new spring goods ;
come in and examine this line.
Special attention is called to my line of Silks
Embroideries and Laces.
Linings to numerous to mention. See my lino of
7i yard dress patterns ; they are going fast.
Shoe Department
tiritii
III this department is fount
r.iii lili boiurlit.
Plow shoes from-$1.25to$
Gentlemen's medium and
Ladies' shoes from $1 to
shoes all sizes and prices.
vorv best tli lit
lliffll
$3.25.
grade shoes.
Children's
(5rocer Department.
In this lino will be found the best of everything.
Flour? Yes the best flour to be found in the
west is found in this department. It is the noted
White House and High Patent made by the Vinita
Milling Co. I have tried flour from a number of mills
but "White House and High Patent beats it all.
Every sack guaranteed.
Seed Potatoes Burbank and Early Rose ;
a fine eating potato.
Z)z people's Jfrtcno
also
w
Sit
sit
Si
J. L 5ra.
Si
sS
s
a
IKK'S.D I"-: i-arri t!i-
Sjhiiii? Kng ai-.l ' H.'i
loin mj ill An -iriigKli- wilh
the Sua i '"''
The hundred of miles of Spanish
coast present to a hostile fleet many
Inviting- points of attack and any o;
of a number of Spanish cities may soon
be the scene of a struggle fiercer and
more destructive of life and property
than is yet recorded in the 1500 years
of the kingdom's sanguinary history.
The strengtn and extent of Spain's
coast defenses are not generally appre-
ciated by Americans. Even her chief
ports we know little better than by
name. or perhaps from an account of
their remarkable Fights and hotel
charges in some tourist's note-book.
But besides their traditions and
relics the coast cities of Spain possess
millions of dollars' worth of valuable
property which would be completely
exposed to the guns of a hostile ileet in
the event of the defeat of the Spanish
ships.
Spain has rot neglected the fortifica-
tions of her const. Atoll exposed points
two bays. The outer bay is mote than
30 miles in circumference a splen-
did land-locked harbor. There are
two forts San Sebastian and Santa
Cntalina on the exlremity of the penin-
sula) between the city and the Atlantic
and Fort Montague and Pantales Cas-
tle on either side of the entrance to the
lower bay. At about the center of the
Isthmus a strong entrenchment extends
at length to prevent a hostile landing
back to the city. The bastions and
rumpans arounu tne city Jtseli are
strong and up to date. There are four
12-inch disappenrinir runs nt Cadiz be
sides the necessary number of smaller)
guns and good mortnr lnttcries. It is
true that here as elsewhere In Spain
are many old-fashioned guns mounted
that would be only in the way in mod-
ern warfare.
From land or sea Cadiz Is a study
In white for every house in the city
receives a coating of whitewash an-
nuallr. Thp mnitl( r-nttiflT-nl 1 ?.
ible from a long distance off the coast. I
One of the most daring of Drake's ex-
ploits was the sailing into the harbor of
meda. From the time of tne Phoeni-
cians Malaga has been a prosperous
seaport; its cathedral was begun in
152S.
Valencia Is a thriving manufacturing
town of nearly a quarter of a million
people. It is three miles above the
mouth of the river Livria. It has no
harbor that would give shelter to a
fleet.
In any of her Mediterranean ports
with their breakwater harbors Spahi?
shies would be unprotected anifcd5c?d
up like ducks on a pondjiTfable to ma-
neuver against a hostfle fleet moving
freely outside. No admiral wants to be
caught In such a rsition.
Spain's largest cities on the Atlantic
Including Cadiz and Ferrol the two al-
ready described htve harbors affording
R -.yMt ---X fait'vZKl
mm
y.
QUEEN REGENT OF SPAIN.
ample protection for large fleets. South
of Portugal there is Huelra doing a
large export trade in minerals; at the
north Vigo Pontevedia Corona (near
Ferrol) Santandcr and Bilboa. Cortraa
has often been the object of hostile in-
tentions and was the scene of invasion
when Sir John Moore was killed there
and buried without a funeral note.
Thesec ities are all of more or less
jCfc 7l rm -m -w w- --
g22BSS5JHESS32KH51s
The rain falls on the Jut and un-
just. Beggs' cherry cough syrup cures
a cold asthma and lagrippc caught in
rain or shine. We keep it. Peoples
drug store
Natural 1 listory. Teacher AVliat
can you tell mc about the rabbit?
Pupil Its left hind foot Is lucky.
Bcgg's German salve is a cure for
piles. No matter how bad the case
may be. They relieve at once scald
old sores burns eczema tumors. etc.;
sold by Peoples drug store.
Here is the topic of a sweet girl's
graduating essay at McPhorson:
"Hold all the folds or your mantle ex-
tended while heaven Is raining gold."
Your hair can be saved. Hcggs1
hair rencwer will do it as it acts di-
rectly or the scalp and hair folieals.
The effect is wonderful and perma-
nent. Peoples drug store.
Do Your Children Thrive?
it Is the brines of children to cat
and grow. K you have a child that-
cats well hut docs not grow or if its
appetite is variable you have cause to
Mipcrt worms. There are apt to be
other symptoms face is ;-. y
broken mc miia
Orthographical. Mamma Well
EUie what did you lcaru at school to-
day? Elsie (aged C) Learned to spell.
Mamma Now what did you learn
to spell.
Elsie man.
Mamma And how do you spell man?
Elsie (promptly) m-a-n man.
Mamma Now how do you spell
boy?
Elsio (after a moment's reflection)
Thcsnmc way only In little letters.
S.-c th'Jsc ladies' hats and artificial
flowers at W. S. Maloney's Bluejacket.
.lull sllMMl I
u.... -
Morse traveling salesman Galveston ' picks at Us ne and is restless and
Texas says: 'Two holtles (t Ital-' lflll ijse Whiu-'scrcam vermifuge
lard's snow liniment cured mc of rm Will Ih ilc-troynl and the
raa! l "?E "Ctf IhHd1 will l able lo .row and develop
i cniwtitiitn. Tree f.o :is nature intemUd
FACE
HUMORS
riraples blotches blackheads rod rou?h
oily raothy skin itching scaly scalp dry
thin and tailing hair and baby blemishes
prevented by CtmctntA Soap tho most
effective- skin purifying and beautifying
soap in tho world as well as purest and
sweetest for toilet bath and nursery.
(uticura
Cai la tnlA ftlNMirhfttlt tha
and Cn m. Coir. Sole ttop. Doatoo. U. 8. A.
i cents. Sold by P. Slianahan.
4b Sold by P. Slunah."'.
Piici 5 cents. I
4b I
Mid. POTTII DlCO
ton. If. 8. A.
Uo v to l'f tveal r m II mnon" mailed fttt.
From rinplci to bceofoU cared
bj Cciiccxa Kimidih.
EVERY HUMOR
and Important seaports then are forts
upon which work bus been carried on
unceasingly to keep their armament In
the condition required by the advance
of military science. The coast may be
called strongly guarded though of
course as ith qur own coast defenses
strength can be proved only by the or-
deal of war.
There are three great naval stations
in Spain: Ferrol on the north coast
above Portugal; Cadiz below t'ortiiRai;
and Cartagena In the Mediterranean.
They are of nearly equal importance.
Ferrol is the strongest- and may be
called the citadel of Spain. It is regard-
ed as impregnable. The town Is invis-
ible from the sea and its surrounding
hills are strongly fortified with the
most Improved guns including 12'Inch
gnd ten-Inch rifles and modern mortar-
jjattcries. Tbearsennl one of the three
largest In the kingdom Is back of the
olty on the harbor and with Its
wharves and dock yards exceeds
25 acres In extent. Here are foundaries
ropeworks nnd magazines besides a
school for engineering and marine ob-
servatory. Nature has taken unusual
care In protecting the harbor besides
making it one of the best in turope.
It Is deep and capacious and has an en-
trance only half as wide as "the Nar-
rows" admitting in the narrowest part
but one ship at a time. This passage
is a strait two miles long between
high bluffs from which It is command-
ed by forts Palma and San Felipe.
Torpedoes can be planted at the short-
est notice and would make the strait
impassible. Ferrot was not fortllieti
until 1752. It successfully resisted the
English In 1709 but was obliged to sur-
render to them in 1S05 upon the defeat
of the French fleet In front of It. The
French captured the place In 1S23 but
only by means of n month's blockade.
Historic Cadi. !s the mpst elaborate-
ly fortified of the three nnvnl stations
but the city Itself lies directly exposed
to an attack from the sea like for in-
stance our own city of Portland Me.
The navy van! Is five miles back from
the ocean." It has all facilities for build-
ing nnd repairing warships. The ar-
mored cruiser Carlos V. was built
at the Cadiz yard and also the l'rin-
cessa de Aslurias. A large factory for
guns is situated here. Much of the
glory of Cadiz has Jepartcd but it
must still be ranked as one of the finest
cities in Spain. It is surrounded by n
wall that is nearly seven miles In
length and stand on the tip of n
tongue of land extending five miles Into
the sea from the Isle de Leon. This
strip of land wltti tne mainland form
Cadre and uestroy:rg tlie shipping
ther The town was wantonly pil-lage-'
by the British in JG95. Twice
since then hc-evcr tbelr expeditions
were driven off. Nelson bombarded the
place In 1WX) and eight years Ja ler Col-
lingwood rdiut tne French fleet up in
the harbor until it surrendered. Cadiz
stood a two-jvars siege by Marshal
Victor but was reduced by the French
In 1S23. Its present population is near-
ly 100.000.
Spain. largest docks lire at Carta-
gena on the Meillu-rrnnean. They are
in easy reach of shells from n fleet that
could withstand the fire of the land
batteries. Twelve-inch guns of the
most approved type on disappearing
carriages are mounted here and alto-
gether the defenses should be able to
importance. Every oa is protected by
12-inch or :ght-inch gu-nulicaTy
rified mortar. The Spanish system of
torpedoes is excellent decidedly su-
perior to our own and mines are ready
to be placed at all of the Spanish coast
towns. Spain's torpedo serrice will put
the country in n perfect condition of
defense before any American ship
reaches the Canary islands. This can
be depended upon.
At the same time It is true thatevery
port of Spain wltb the exception ol
Ferrol and probably Bilboa can be
shelled from the Eca where submarine
explosives cannot be plicsd. Cadiz
Barcelona Malaga and Cartagena arc
especially easy of attack and they could
all be utterly destroyed from the scJ
in spite of their fortifications.
" -
make it decidedly uncomfortable or an Spain's "1
Crtanena has a line natural amj ' '- .. -
u-riagena na states reaches the value of millions of
jnerny.
harbor.
The chief seaport ot nil Spain the j dollars a year.
Ucr annual wine ex-
. ... i.i i.
loss or destruction ot wnicn noum m.
a blow as terrible to the kingdom ns j
the fall of New York city would be to
the United States. Is Barcelona-gay.
flourishing nnd Industrious Barcelona.
For quite seven centuries Barcelona (
has been the industrial nnu VT " .
clal center of eastern Spain
ports
It holds
. . . .. .. o Ttnston
nearly as many inl.am an -- -and
has grown so rapid lv thn : there I
a handsome new part oilhe town that
Is ns large as uu. "'""'... on the
ni --
-" . ..
-ll ilio Inrrresl SI"
ili.prranean. Ilarcelona
..-; (;: 1 harbor.
!.... L-ivnter. which
the sea
I
hns but an
This is formed u. a
ruts oft enougn ui
t!nntcd at SG5WCtW.
About 7500 Spanlst ships re regis
tered as (Atcnnff n"""'".yj
i An.h.int tes:-eJ3 iu fcc
.Mitraatcr harbors on the eas
coast would be at the mercy cf a
scr s guns.
To land troops cn Spain's nos
or western coasts a harbor would first
have to be taken as troops could not
land through the surf. The early Eng-
lish sailors soon discovered this fact.
On the eastern coast however a land-
ing might be made in many places un-
der cover of the guns of a fleet.
In the Balearic Islands whicli ueiong
harbor
jWV BAV OP DISCAV t
i- -" .' 'J'"v JVT.P.M- If FflAMCE . J?
l 7 S -Ov3 7 V- ' f
ntcr. -" . -i.if iold-l n 3rn!n there is one cood
to form ""': K7.: fr i-nttinir P a whola
. .iinn-ol-"'. j.u..v" - i a
'Er;se.
im --- - i vniitnri.'i. inn
( n 11 rri II 1111 ..ew-- ..
l4Ht .
Aiiiie nrc
r-..r it the cent
t imile. L.1..J"
1 '.inc. and the l.r.ndsome new torni
? nTong the ra pr.nc.pn ly
.lprTM 'nntr avriiue rallnl the
-r of he wine and
Carlr.gcna. it i?
n a
Ma-
squadron.
In the '"COs" by special permis-
sion Mnhon was used as a naval sta-
tion by the t'nlted States. Its capture
would give a useful base of operations
against eastern Spain.
-I'M" l-l.r. v r....-.
Good; but on
. .. . ji. rv j .? iSlAVAr f
a Chf nn War Shins nnH m I nsirio- Money by It tOO as ine lchuuiu w
lll Jjl " ' f"i " s - 1
GlassAvare and furniture
ardware.
Stoves Tinware Queensware
of every kind especialy the Fine Orades.M am pretty much the "only pebble on the beach.!'
-
1
gf-
2Jl
&
M
ii
X.I
W- niLLER.- i
Opposite Postoffica
mr
atATNrf
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Marrs, D. M. The Indian Chieftain. (Vinita, Indian Terr.), Vol. 16, No. 37, Ed. 1, Thursday, May 12, 1898, newspaper, May 12, 1898; (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc71541/m1/1/?q=aRCHIVES: accessed May 30, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.