Kildare Journal. (Kildare, Okla. Terr.), Vol. 5, No. 31, Ed. 1 Friday, September 23, 1898 Page: 4 of 8
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POLITELY NEUTRAL
That's What We Would Be' la Case
of a European War
VkMBkta !(( kr tk Ilnla4
BtlatlMi Now BilkUac Btlwtia
Oml Brltala and Hu
ala aad Cblaa
Special Washington Letter
On of the problems now confront
lug the ‘ department of stata la
“Shall we help England?
Diplomats of various foreign nations
sag that since this country had
the moral and physical support of
Great Britain in the controversy and
ar with Spain we should aid England
‘ In her coming contest with Russia
The major premise of the matter
rests upon the assumption that China
U HUNG CHANO
(The Greatest Chinese Statesman of the
Century)
is to be partitioned and that the vast
empire of the orient is nearing its end
If this should be conceded there could
be no doubt that this republic might
in the immediate future be confronted
with the problems and responsibilities
which are so clearly set forth in va-
rious state papers
Bqt is China to be partitioned? Ido
not believe it Of course surface indi
cations are such that almost every
body believes that the nations of Eu-
rope will accomplish their unconcealed
purpose Men skilled in statecraft do
not all concede this proposition In-
ternational lawyers who are most fa
miliar with Chinese history — and but
few men know Chinese history as it
really is — believe that the European
nations who are building warships
maintaining armies making demon
strations filling their souls with hopes
of the glory and prosperity of con-
quest will yet beat out their own
lives against the invisible Chinese wall
of reserved force and all of their
dreams become mere “crownless met-
aphors of empire”
It is true that China is giving up
ports and granting concessions of
land but these are merely fringes of
her possessions and in parting with
them China sustains no loss Her
statesmen see other nations building
fortifications going to great expense
in the furtherance of their ambitious
and her statesmen simply smile at the
folly of these children from Europe
gamboling along the Chinese coasts
We must remember that Li Hung
Chang ! one of the greatest of states-
men and remember also that he is not
the only great man within the Chinese
empire who is capable of directing the
forces which have made the vast em-
pire coherent for so many centuries
The statesmen of China know how
t to lead he people of their empire and
' they know that the people of China
prefer peace to all other blessings of
Luman existence They will not go to
war if they can avoid ity They have
avoided war and they will always
avoid war They will foil off trouble
in every conceivable manner But if
the integrity of the empire should ever
be really threatened and the homes of
the common people invaded the tide
cf Chinese resentment and resistance
would sweep before it all of the armies
of Europe even If they were allied
Modern navies could not be reck-
oned in such a war The people of
China the military men and states-
men of China would not go beyond
their borders They would not con-
quest They would simply preserve
their imperial integrity and make the
world fur centuries afterward hesitate
"to ope
The purple testament of bleeding War”
It will be well for us to remember
that the statesmen of China have
viewed the rise and faJl of Alexander
Cyrus Moses Mohammed Caesar and
Napoleon They have known of the
wisdom of Solomon the history of
Nebucbadnvzzer the glory of Belshaz-
zar have witnessed the growth of the
realm of the Prince of Peace from the
appearance of the Star of Bethlehem
to the cooling of missionaries to urge
upon them a religion better than that
of Contudus They calmly witness
these comings and goings of nations
kingdoms empires and contentedly
they live secluded by their great wall
taking no part in the unrest and up-
heavals of petty ambitions -While
living In peaceful Isolation
they are not unprogressive They are
ronsclous of their tremendous reserve
force We know not what their ar-
tisans are doing away off In the in-
terior of China but we may more
wisely aesume that they are preparing
for emergencies than to assume that
they are Ignorant of current events
- and indifferent to their own future Li
Hung Chang saw the proposed par-
tition of China and he has been en-
gaged in preparations for meeting
that contingency The people are chil-
dren in diplomacy who have been un-
able to understand the trip around the
world which that venerable statesman
recently nade it was not prompted
by idle euriostly nor was the trip
taken for bis health
LI Hung Chang went forth before
gfco whole world and the million of
people througia whose territory he
traveled saw back of his travels no
purpose whatever But he had a pur-
pose He wss preparing to meet the
invaders of bis empire
It would have been impossible for
Li Hung Chang to go to St Petersburg
to confer with the czar without the
whole world knowing It The great
statesman could not have sent forth
any one of bis most capable and trust-
ed ministers without the fact becom-
ing known and understood by the
diplomatic world But Li Hung Chang
could take a trip around the world
and in the presence of glaring mil-
lions he could communicate with the
czar and form in alliance which would
be beneficial to Kussia and at the same
time give to China a military fores
which would prevent her dismember-
ment And he did it
Within the past month Great Brit-
ain had discovered the fact that Bus-
sia and Chins arc dominating northern
Asia and Oreit Britain may well be-
ware of the Indtaward progress of the
czar The partitioning of China will
not immediately occur China is giv-
ing sway a few territorial fringes that
is all
Now the question is: “Shall ws help
England?" Tbs answer should be
that since rece iving the moral aid of
Great Britain during the past year we
should help Eng-land’in every good and
laudable endeavor because England
aided ua in a laudable endeavor But
England has aided us in no Interna-
tional folly baa aided us In no attempt
at national suicide and argal Eng-
land has no right to expect this coun-
try to aid her in any direction which
might mean needless danger to our in-
dividual and collective interests 11
It is deemed proper by British atafiea-
men to try conclusions in war with
China and Russia to send armies and
navies against two nations having 700-
000000 population— and that interna-
tional folly may be committed by
England — It ! tier undivided privilege
But England baa no right to ask us to
close our eyeeto the conditions which
obtain has no right to ask ns to as-
sume that China ia a sick man instead
of a wonderful power although abso-
lutely dormant so far as the outside
world can see
No we shall not help England in any
folly We have troubles enough of oui
own If England's chestnuts must be
pulled out of the fire she must find
some other victim than her Brother
Jonathan to reach for these chestnuts
The people ot our republic fearless-
ly faced the dread problem of war and
the plain people have borne the brunt
of it with courage and heroism The
administration at Washington is non
endeavoring to solve the periloui
problems of peace The territorial ex-
pansion which grew ont of the armec
conflict is earning our best and strong-
est statesmen to pause and consider
The form of government which shall
be given to Puerto Hico and the Isle ol
Pines and what form of government
shall be established and maintained foi
the Philippines must be determined
What we shall do for Cuba under our
protectorate while endeavoring tc
give the people a stable government
requires the manifestation of perfect
statesmanship and of lofty patriotlem
The president and hit constitutional
advisers are giving to these problems
of peace the attention and considera-
tion demanded by their gravity and
lasting importance Every cabinet
meeting is devoted to these subjects
At such a time as this our diplomatic
lepresentatives and the diplomats oi
the civilized world who are loeated af
COUNT MOURAVIEFF
(Russia's Clever Minister of Foreign Af-
fairs) this capital are bringing forward tbe
question of our future relations with
Great Britain and on every hand we
are confronted with tbe inquiry:
"Shall we help England?”
One of tbe oldest and ablest 'officials
of the department of state this after-
noon said to the writer: “Great Brit-
ain fully understands that the govern-
ment at Washington appreciates tbe
friendly attitude of the government at
London during our recent interna-
tional difficulties But the government
at London alio understands that tbe
people of tbe United States will not
sanction any movement which would
be likely to involve us lu needless con-
flict with our ilways good friend Bus-
sia Therefore it will be safe for news-
paper writers to predict that we shall
not help England In any war which
might be caused by the ambitious de
siresof British subjects to extend their
trade relations in China”
That seems to wisely epitomlza the
entire subject and to leave this coun-
try free from entangling alliances at
this time SMITH D FRY
A Cruel Shook
It was tbe residential part of the
city the hour was two a in and
Tompkins wai earefully if a trifle un-
steadily feellntg his way borne along
the dark and silent street Suddenly
a figure muffled an a large cloak sprang
up in front oi l Jm Tompkins turned
a deathly yellow and half fell half
staggered against tbe fence
“Your money or your lifel” hissed
the msoreant the barrels of his re-
volver gleaming In front ot him
“Merciful heavens hew you seared
met" gasped Tompkins “I thought It
was my wife"— Brooklyn Life
1
A Grim Wager
BY CECIL ffAYTER
MKMMNNKMMtMKMHMQKMMKMMa
OPESHCL! spes-shui! ’Orrible
Q murder in the Dalton roadi”
Andthen again another voice pitched
in a higher key took up the cry on
the farther ride of the street—
“Speshull epeehull— and the res was
lost in incoberency as the Bound ot
the voieee mingled and Intertwined
gradually faded away in the distance
“What a loathsome noise that lsi”
said Peel with a shudder “There is
something positively ghoulish about
it” 1
“It alwaya gives me the creeps es-
pecially at night It auggesta all aorta
of horrible morbid ideas Joined In
Lelange who waa perched on the
model throne smoking innumerable
cigarettes
Kovno the owner of the studio amid
nothing but smiled in rather § supe-
rior way He waa a person of aofie-
what unusual taste — hia pictures be-
trayed him in that
We were rather a cosmopolitan lot
gathered in the big studio that night
Lelange was a merry light-hearted
little Frenchman clever to the tips of
his restless fingers but quite incapa-
ble of serious work Peel and myself
were English— painstaking not whol-
ly unsuccessful but without half Le-
lange’s versatility Ferguson waa
Scotch — serious and argumentative
and Ko-vno — the owrner of the studio —
was a Pole by birth though much of
his life had been lived in Paris and
London
He was two or three yearaolder than
the rest of us As far as hia art was
concerned he was brilliant original
and startlingly unpleasant For him-
self he had a fine head— the head of
a dreamer Usually a reticent mfifi
he would at rare intervals flash out
Into a fiery animated flood of talk
accompanied by wild gesticulation
Only one other person was in the
studio— Dora Smith our model — a
pretty nervous little person at' the
present moment toasting her toes at
the big stove and enjoying a cigarette
during her well-earned rest
“Well there’s only one good thing
about a murder” said Ferguson — t
will opt! And that as a rule ends in
hanging”
“Nonsense my dear chap I” aald
Kovno “It’s only the clumay idiots
who are found out Anyone who isn’t
a fool could kill as many people as he
pleased and never be even suspected
—if you grant him an average amount
of luck”
Lelange began drumming a sort of
“danse Macabre-on the model throne
with his heels and struck a tragic at-
titude which made Dora laugh i
“I wish you wouldn’t all be so hor-
ribly gloomy” she said “I believe
this great big barn of a studio ia haunt-
ed Do for goodness' sake talk about
so-rething cheerful!”
“It’s not gloomy at all it's most
interesting” persisted Kovno “I don’t
mind owning that the possibilities of
undiscovered crime have a great fasci-
nation for me”
“The possibilities of an undiscov-
ered shilling in my trousers pocket
would be more attractive to me per-
sonally ” said Peel ruefully surveying
his worldly possessions “Archie” —
turning to me — “we shall have to pad
the hoof to-night “Can’t afford an om-
nibus” '
“I am willing to bet” Kovno contin-
ued without noticing the interruption
“I am willing to bet that I could com-
mit a murder without a possibility of
detection” He was getting Into one
of his excitable moods and gesticulat-
ing freely
“Rubbish” said I laughing “Any-
one can talk like that But in thefirst
place it’s absurd and in the second
I don’t suppose fora minute that you’d
be such an abject fool as to try”
Kovno himself laughed1 at that for
by nature he is one of themlldest crea-
tures Imaginable
“No no I don’t mean to say that I
want to Harm anyone in particular for
the mere satisfaction of proving to a
parcel of lunatics that j£ am talking
common sense but still I maintain
I could do so”
“Well you prove it to me and I’ll
take vour bet” said I jeering
“Will you?” he asked
“Of course I will” I replied “Frank’
we’ll have a dinner on the strength of
this”
“Done with you then” aald Kovno
”111 bet you five pound to a shilling
I sold a couple of sketches to-day”
“That’s all very well” put in Fergu-
son slowly “but short of actually mur-
dering the man and' then confessing
to ua— in which case -ve should inevitably-
tret you off lo the nearest
police station — how are you going to
give va proof of your ability?”
ICovno thought for a moment
“Look here” he aald apeaklng quick-
ly “supposing I manage to spirit a
man away and cause him to vanish for
a week — ten days if you like— without
any inquiries that may be made en-
abling anyone to connect m with the
matter and supposing that I obtain
a written confession from that man
acknowledging that it was in my pow-
er to kill him if it so pleased me will
that satiafy you?”
“It's hardly a fair teat” grumbled
Ferguson “Still I suppose you can’t
manage “better — short of actually som-
mlttlng a crime”
“You’ll have the deuce to pay when
you let him go” suggested Lelange i—
“I shall make his release conditional
on no further steps being taken” an-
swered Kovno “Come are you satis-
fied?” After a little more discussion the
terms were agreed to and Ferguson
waa appointed to hold the stake The
meeting broke up end Peel and! start-
ed out on our weary way to Wanda-
worth n
For the next three day a wa sew noth-
ing of Kovno or the others as we were
both hard at work at the art school
On Saturday however my weekly al-
lowance having arrived I made up my
mind to go down to the country for
a few days and make some studies
Fed eouldn’t come aa Dora waa sit-
ting to him on Monday So while be
started off to the art school aa usual
in the morning I sauntered out to In-
vest in a sketchbook On my way back
X met Kovno I had clean forgotten
all about tha wager and having an
hour cr so to spare I walked baek with
him to his atndio He waa'in a con-
versational mood and kept chatter-
ing on about soma wonderful master-
piece he was starting on
When we got to the studio— great
big barrack ot n place which had once
been used by t sculptor and stood in a
little Isolated plot ot growtd back
from tba road— ha produced some
whiaky and glasses bade me help my-
self rolled a cigarette and started
work It was p very hot day and I
had been working late at black-and-white
work the night before I leaned
back drowsily in a rickety old chair
and watched hfm rapidly sketching in
hia picture on a large canvas I lit my
pipe and took a long pull at my
whisky and water After that I sup-
pose I went to sleep (Ifouhd out after-
ward that the whisky had been doc-
tored) Anyhow tbe next thing I re-
member la waking up with a horrible
shooting pain running through all my
limbs It was pitch dark I tried to
move and stretch myself I couldn’t
budge an inch In any direction I was
securely bound hand and foot In an
Instant the truth flashed upon me
Kovno had heard of my Intended jaunt
to the country had lain in wait for
me and deliberately lured me to the
studio What hehaddone then beyond
drugging me orwhereIwasIhadnot
the faintest idea I was at the tame
time immensely relieved and distinct-
ly annoyed — relieved to remember that
it was only a joke annoyed to think
of the simple way in which X had been
taken in
Hours passed and the pain of ropes
cutting into me waa intolerable I
began to get furiously angry— Kovno
was carrying the thing too far I
shouted and yelled till I was hoarse
and stamped my bound feet against
the wall to which I had rolled in my
struggles The air was close and
ctifling and there was a foetid earthy
smell about it I began to lose my
nerve I tried to count to reckon tbe
time — anything to distract my atten-
tion but to no purpose At last utter-
ly worn out and exhausted 1 lost con-
sciousness again
The next thing I remembered wa a
faint glimmer of light and Kovno
bending over me He was laughing si-
lently and his eyes glittered weirdly in
the uncertain light I cursed him furi-
ously in no measured terms but as he
only continued to chuckle to himself in
that hateful silent manner I got
more and more alarmed I implored
him to undo the ropes I promised to
sign any paper he liked- and to confess
that he had won his bet but not a
word would he answer He merely
bent down and holding the light
nearer to me gloated over iqy helpless
condition
III
Hia face waa all distorted by tbe
dancing shadows and hia eyea gleamed
in a perfectly detestable manner
Suddenly the awful horrible truth
dawned upon me He had gone mad!
His mind always of a morbid turn had
been unable to withstand the fascina-
tions of putting hi theories into prac-
tice The lust of secret crime had got
hold of him andr the man was to all in-
tents and purpose raving lunatic
As soon as I recognized this my las-
vestige of self-control left me £ bab-
bled at him incoherently I begged I
prayed I laughed at him but ail in
vain After standing looking at me in
silence for a short time and evincing
a keen delight in my mental agony he
turned and left me without a word
Hunger and thirst soon added to my
tortures Then the earthy smell of
the place and the absolute blackness
and silence must have made me delir-
ious I remember nothing more dis-
tinctly — sava one thing too horrible
almost to mention In one of my more
lucid intervals I became aware of
Kovno sitting at a little sketching
easel a light beside him calmly and
rapidly making sketches of my dis-
torted features muttering and laugh-
ing to himself the while
It was only after weeks of delirium J
that I came to myself and found Dora
sitting beside me in my own attic In
Wandsworth and It wa from her that
I learned the manner of my escape
My absence it appears was -not no-
ticed for-the first thread ays and I waa
supposed to be in jthe country
Then Feel got alarmed and he and
the others held a consultation Two
more days passed and at last'Dora’s
suspicions were aroused by a strange-
ness in Kovno’s manner — something
furtive but at the same time triumph-
ant A chance oversetting of a port-
folio confirmed their suspicions as
among the sketches were those of me j
as I lay bound in tbe darkness
A search was organized and at last
t waa found behind a whole pile of I
lumber and studio refuse in an old cel-
lar unde” the building in which the
sculptor the original tenant used to j
keep his store of modeling elay
Poor Kovno became dangerously vlo- I
lent on bis rsturn for be bad been ab-1
sent when the search was made He
waa taken to an Infirmary and thence I
to an asylum The doctors aay that It
is only temporary insanity but then
they never have seen hia eyea gleam-
ing through the darkness aa I saw I
them in that loathsome hole and aal
sometimes fancy X see them still—
Answers
RICHES FOR TRADERS
Philippines a Great FleU for Enterprising Amer-
icans— Some of Their Commercial Features
Bpselal Manila LsttsrI
esBI! TRADE' of the Philippine
j can beolasscd under four beads
1 1 Ths export and Import the In-
lane tha inter-island and tha native or
I domestic Tbe export and import trade
la carried on by foreign firms who have
establishments at Manila llo-Ilo and
Cebu but the great bulk of tbe trade ia
done at Manila Great Britain leads in
both exports and import with the
United States a close - second ia
exports France Japan aad Ger-
many coming In for only a small
proportion of - the whole while
Spain who should be at tha head of
the list is at tha foot Thera are three
staple article of oommerce now exten-
I aively produced eugar tobacco and the
fiber of a species of banana plant called
abacs but better known commercially
ttt
MANILA GIRLS MAKING CIGARS'
as Manila hemp In' the production of
all these they still use the most prim-
itive methods in both cultivating and
preparing for market The plow la a
crooked stick drawn by a water buf-
falo which with tha single exception
of the sloth is the slowest brute on
earth and the sugar cane in many of
the islands is crushed by the natives
withlargemaulsorclubsthisbeing the
reason of the low grade of sugar pro-
duced there At the present time and
for years past the inland and inter-
island trade bat been exclusively in the
hands of the Chinese residenls There
TUGUBGABAO AN INLAND VILLAGE IN NORTHERN LUZON
are very few large plantations and
nearly all the agricultural productions
of the Islands are the result of small
fanning by the natives and Chinese
coolies Tbe Chinese trader ia the
“middleman” who gathers the small
lota together puts them In marketable
shape by baling And boxing and ships
them to the nearest post disposing to
the exporter and wholesale dealer
The small degree of prosperity the
country has heretofore enjoyed has
been entirely due to the”push”and en-
ergy of the Chinaman Many years ago
the Spanish became jealous of the Chi-
nese who were becoming Immensely
wealthy and Influential in spite of the
heavy taxes they were forced to pay
and they were banished from all the
islands and made to return to China
The Spanish officials soon realized that
they bad made a bad blunder for the
native left without the necessary spur
and stimulation of the Chinese trader
produced only enough for their Imme-
diate wants and left nothing for the
tax gatherer They found that they
had “killed the goose that laid the
golden egg” and that the despised Ce-
lestial was a necessary evil and they
were obliged to allow the Chinese not
only to return jut extra inducements
in the way of concessions and monop-
olies since which time they have bad
full sway and have become a power in
the load
The native la by nature improvident
and easy-going He la utterly lacking
In those characteristics of economy
thrift and acquisitiveness that are in-
born traits of tha Chinese race and the
result has been that the native has aeen
all of ble beat lands alowly but surely
absorbed by bis shrewd neighbors with
the pig-tail
The fiber Industry ia capable of great
expansion and by the introduction of
Improved methods of cultivation and
manufacture can be produced in enor-
mous quantities and at a reduced price
The same can be aaid of the sugar in-
dustry The policy of the Spaniard fens
been otie of repression They have
done all In their power to keep the
hated foreigner from the land they
have discouraged and discountenanced
all innovations and the introduction of
labor-saving machinery They - have
adopted the most autocratic methods 1o-
prevent an outsider from getting a
foothold and when one succeeded in
getting in and prospering they invari-
ably found some means of making it
se uncomfortable for him that he usu-
ally left the oountry in disgust
One of the most important natural
productions that abounds In all of tbo
hundreds of Islands of the archipelago
are the immense virgin forests of hard-
wood timbers There are at least 50
diffmatklnd a among them many that
a ra found in no other part of tbe world
I noticed three Undo that were equal to
ebony in hardness and of moat ex
traordieafy colon One was of a deep
orange yellow one dark olive green
and one light ruby red They were all
of extmmely fine gmiu and capable of
being highly polished They will re-
tain their colors for years 1 hare seen
native furniture made from these
woods that had been in the same fam-
ily in daily use for over 50 years and
waa still good for many more and the
colore were aa bright aa though made
from fresbly-eut material although
they had never been either oiled or var-
nished The green and yellow varieties
are certain to become in the future
moat valuable timbers for interior dec-
orations and for fancy furniture 1
Among the exports that deserve spe-
cial mention are tbq edible birds’ neats
that are so highly esteemed by tha '
Chinese the finest quality bringing al- -most
fabulous prices I have seen $150
paid for one small nest What they
can see In them either in taate or '
smell I eanndt understand for the
soup of which the neats form only a
small partita one of the In oat insipid
and tasteless dishes X have ever sam-
pled These neats are found in caves
in tom e eases aa far aa SO miles from
the seashore and aa the lining of the
nests Is of a peeallar kind of seaweed '
laid within a small framework of
twlgi and glued together by a secre-
tion from the crop of the bird the
time ami work required to build a neat
must be great Tbe betel nut ia 'an-
other article of trade and ia universal-
ly used by all the natives Tha nut
it wrapped In a species of pepper tree
leaf that has been eoated with a lima
paste made from the ashes of a cer-
tain kind of wood and ia ehewed in
tbe same manner as tobacco They
claim there are eertain astringent and '
stimulating properties in the nut and
leaf that act as a preventive of fevers
end atomaeb troubles
The markets are more tike bazars aa
you can find all kinds of merchandise
CT-
there they era kept by the women
and the patrons are usually women aa
men consider it beneath their dignity
to do eny such work You will find
in the markets a profusion of vegeta-
bles fruits chickens' egg and hun-
dreds of other edibles The prices that
prevail are simply astonishing chick-
en at from two to three cents each
eggs three and four cent a dozen and
everything elae In the market that ia
of home production at corresponding-
ly low prices 'As in all countrlea where
the necessaries of life are cheap there
is an enormous amount of small cop-
per coin in circulation some as low
as one-fourth of a cent The reason
for this is that most of the articles of
everyday use among the natives cost
less than one cent and the cost of the
raw material for an ordinary native
family would not exceed six cents a
day
All the supplies for the day are se-
cured early in the morning and they
never think of laying In a supply ot
anything but all articles used to pre-
pare tbe meals are purchased from
day to day It la customary among
the foreigners who live there to let
tbe contract for their meals to a “pro-
vide re “ a man who would be called
the butler here He gets a stated price
per meal or in ‘tome -cases per dish
By this system one avoids the trouble
of marketing and looking after tha
cook aa well aa being insured against
dishonest servants The provldore
simply take charge of your house re-
lieving you from all responsibility and
you are hts guest In your own home
One good feature of this plan is that
you know to a certainty what your
household expenses are It ia often
the case where a half dozen young
men elub together and rent a “bunga-
low” to seeure the services of a pro-
v’dore and live In homelike comfort
In no other land can one live so cheap
Taken all in all in spite of the in-
tense heat and humidity the immense
amount of rain at eertain times ot
i ear and the discomforts and annoy-
ance of tha little red ant and the mu-
sical mosquito all the year round
there are many worse oountriee on
the face of the globe and very few
that present so many charms and '
none that have such enormous future
commercial possibilities as the Philip 1
P‘nei’ J B GAYLORD
The speed of our fastest oeeauj
steamers la now greater than that ot
express trains on Italian raUways
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Johnson, Jeremiah. Kildare Journal. (Kildare, Okla. Terr.), Vol. 5, No. 31, Ed. 1 Friday, September 23, 1898, newspaper, September 23, 1898; Kildare, Oklahoma Territory. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc1817177/m1/4/?q=j+w+gardner: accessed July 5, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.