TONKAWA MASSACRE
Endnotes
* Joseph Connole is an avocational historian. His research focuses on the evolution of
federal power concerning American Indians. He has published on topics related to the
tribes of Oklahoma, including the Comanche Code Talkers of World War II and the Civil
War in Indian Territory. His first book, The Civil War and the Subversion of American
Indian Sovereignty, was published in 2017 by McFarland and Company, Inc., Publish-
ers. He currently resides in Washington, North Carolina. The photograph on page 450 is
of Chief Grant Richards, a Tonkawa who was one of the survivors of the massacre (3762,
W. P. Campbell Collection, OHS).
1 John Raftery, "The Last of the Tonkawas," Santa Fe (NM) New Mexican, August 5,
1903, 7. The story tells how the narrator, John Raftery, heard of Sylvester Baffin and
the woes Baffin experienced, including his businesses burning down and his crops being
eaten by a herd of ponies. Baffin was described by others as a quiet person who kept to
himself. Raftery's account tells of how Baffin was friendly yet paranoid, and unwilling
to talk about his misfortune. This story appeared in numerous newspapers at the begin-
ning of the twentieth century. According to the Santa Fe New Mexican, this story was
originally published in the Chicago (IL) Herald Record, without mention of a publication
date.
2 Andree F. Sjoberg, "The Culture of the Tonkawa," Texas Journal of Science 5, no. 1
(1953): 284.
3 David La Vere, Life Among the Texas Indians: The WPA Narratives (College Station:
Texas A&M University Press, 1998), 40.
4 Angie Debo, A History of the Indians of the United States (Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1970), 177; Mary Jane Warde, When the Wolf Came: The Civil War
and the Indian Territory (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2013), 124; F. Todd
Smith, "'The Most Destitute' People in Indian Territory: The Wichita Agency Tribes and
the Civil War," in The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory, ed. Bradley R.
Clampitt (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015), 97.
5 Annie Heloise Abel, The American Indian in the Civil War, 1862-1865 (Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 182; Edwin C. McReynolds, Oklahoma: A History of
the Sooner State (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), 215; Thomas F. Schilz,
"People of the Cross Timbers: A History of the Tonkawa People" (PhD diss., Texas Chris-
tian University, 1983), 175-76.
6 Laurence M. Hauptman, Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War
(New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 29.
La Vere, Life Among the Texas Indians, 40-41.
8 Thomas W. Dunlay, "Friends and Allies: The Tonkawa Indians and the Anglo-Amer-
icans, 1823-1884" Great Plains Quarterly 1, no. 3 (Summer 1981): 149, digitalcommons.
unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1904.
9lbid.
to James Mooney, "Our Last Cannibal Tribe," Harper's Monthly Magazine, September
1901, 551.
" Dunlay, "Friends and Allies," 149.
12 Schilz, "People of the Cross Timbers," 143.
13 Ibid., 132, 143.
14 Dunlay, "Friends and Allies," 149-50.
15 William K. Jones, "Notes on the History and Material Culture of the Tonkawa Indi-
ans," Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 2, no. 5 (1969): 68.
16 Ibid., 152-61.
17 Kelly F. Himmel, The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas, 1821-1859,
(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1999), 93, 96.
18 Ibid., 95.

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