The Ralston Free Press. (Ralston, Okla.), Vol. 5, No. 2, Ed. 1 Friday, July 1, 1904 Page: 7 of 8
This newspaper is part of the collection entitled: Oklahoma Digital Newspaper Program and was provided to The Gateway to Oklahoma History by the Oklahoma Historical Society.
- Highlighting
- Highlighting On/Off
- Color:
- Adjust Image
- Rotate Left
- Rotate Right
- Brightness, Contrast, etc. (Experimental)
- Cropping Tool
- Download Sizes
- Preview all sizes/dimensions or...
- Download Thumbnail
- Download Small
- Download Medium
- Download Large
- High Resolution Files
- IIIF Image JSON
- IIIF Image URL
- Accessibility
- View Extracted Text
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
r
—
INDEPENDENCE
DAY ^ 1904
WASHINGTON
AND THE AMERICAN FLAG
BY REV. F. P. DUFFY. M. D
T* rv of the American Church BlbU Institute
Copyright. 1W4 By ne, p ,, Duff
I-*11 He—'Tjv~i up n (^ii
It is universally admitted that as a
patrlo' George Washington stands
without a rival in the annals of the
wqrld. It is not, however, so gener-
ally allowed that as a military genius
he transcends all others. Americans
and his admirers the world over
might well rest content with behold-
ing their ideal citizen acclaimed with
universal consent the unique figure
In the annals of human weal, Industry
and peace. Yet I do not think it would
he hard to show that even in military
Renins he is still without a peer.
But the arts of peace, not war, is
our theme, and we shall therefore
leave the question of military genius
to a more convenient season and ad-
dress ourselves to the subject in
hand: Washington and the American
Has. This naturally falls under the
threefold head—"Washington's Ances-
try, the Evolution of the Flag, and the
Hymbollsm of the Flag."
First, Washington's Ancestry. As
far as historical research has yet
roached back, Washington's ancestry
lias lK>>n located in Durham, in the
north of England. From Durham some
of the Washingtons migrated to I^anca-
Khire. Then we And them settling In
Northamptonshire, in the reign of
Henry VII. From Northampton the
great-grandfather of Washington emi-
grated to America in or about the year
K57. The pursuits followed by the
Washingtons may be summed up
under the church, the army, the law
and the farm. It Is around this last
t!:at the most interesting and roman-
tic incidents of the family gather, and
Northampton is the scene of the vary-
ing vicissitudes that culminated in the
emigration of Lawrence Washington
to Virginia.
For three generations the Vashlng-
tons lived in Northampton, taking
rank with the gentry of the county,
and there they made more than one
alliance with the nobility. lawrence
appears to have been a family name
among the Washingtons. The uncle
of the first historical Lawrence was
Sir Thomas Kitson, one of the great
merchants who in the reigns of Henry
VII. and Henry VIII., developed the
v.'ool trade of England.
Althorp, in Brington parish, was
the seat of the Spencers, and the
Spencers were connected by marriage
with the Kitsons, and therefore with
the Washingtons. Lady Spencer of
that day was a Kitson, a daughter of
Washington's uncle, and therefore
first cousin to Lawrence. But the rec-
tor of Brington, the Rev. Dr. Ley ton
became, through the Spencers a friend
of Lawrence, and as Dr. Leyton was
Cromwell's prime commissioner for
the dissolution of the monasteries, he
had it in his power to help his friends.
And he did help lawrence Washing-
ton by the grant of Sulgrave in North-
ampton. where the Washingtons lived
for three generations. Lawrence was
Interested in civic matters as well as
rural, and became for a time the
mayor of Northampton. At the end of
the third generation the Washingtons
failed, so they sold Sulgrave and went
to live in Brington. Here the eidest
son married a half sister of George
VJlliers, Duke of Buckingham.
The Washingtons sided with the
King (Charles I.) in the civil war, and
one of them. Sir Henry, attained great
distinction for his dash and bravery
in his operations against the Cromwel-
lians. He led the storming party at
Bristol and it was he who so gallantly
defended Worcester. His bravery was
such that an expression of his became
proverbial in the army. When any
meat difficulty arose it was customary
to say. "Away with it! quoth Washing-
ton."
The emigrant, who was knighted by
James I., spent his younger days In
Brington. In the parish church there
are two sepulchral stones of absorbing
Interest to every American. One with
the date 1616 is over the grave of the
emigrant's father. On it appears his
arms "impaled" with those of his wife.
The second covers the grave of an
uncle, and has on a brass a simple
family shield with the extraneous
crescent appropriate to a younger son.
But that which Is of transcendant in-
terest to very American citizen is that
here on the tombstone of the dead
ara emblazoned emblems sacred to a
great ration and which thrill the soul
of n mighty people; the embryo of the
National Flag—the Stars and Stripes.
The stars on the shield have this
peculiarity, they are five pointed,
whereas six points are the general
characteristic of heraldic stars. On
the coat of arms are three stars and
two horizontal bars or zones with
"alternate gules and white"—gules
being the word in heraldry for red—in
a vertical position. Here we discover
the nucleus, the fons et origo, of the
American Flag.
Three years ago. when spending a
lengthened vacation In England, I had
charge of a parish not far from Bring-
ton. It was a source of never falling
gratification to visit "God's Acre." to
stand close to th ashes of the dead,
to meditate upon the origin of the
American Flag, to delight in the dis-
covery of the hidden meaning of its
symbolism, and oft to quote the open-
ing lines of Cowper's hymn:
nial. others were regimental, and still
others were for special occasions.
That at Fort Sullivan. Charleston har-
bor, was a blue Held with a silver
crescent. The ensign under which the
battle of Bunker Hill was fought was
the New England flag. The flag of an
American cruiser is thus described by
the London Chronicle of January
1776:
"The field Is white bunting: on the
middle is a green pine tree; and on
the opposite side is the motto, "Ap-
peal to heaven." The flag of the Cul-
pepper men. who marched with Pat-
rick Henry, had a rattlesnake, coiled
ready to strike, with the words, "Don't
tread on me."
The flrst American flag havng thir-
teen alternate red and white stripes
upon it, there is good reason to believe
was presented to the Philadelphia
Light Horse by Captain Markoe. early
in 1775. The earliest naval flag show-
ed thirteen alternate red and white
stripes with either a pine tree or rat-
tlesnake. with the words "Don't tread
on me." The union flag raised a Cam-
bridge. Jan. 1, 1776. had thirteen alter-
nate ted and white stripes with the
English union in one corner.
When the necessity for a national
flag made Itself felt the Congress of
June 14, 1777 resolved; That the flag
of the United States be thirteen
stripes, alternate red and white, and
that the union be thirteen stars, white
on a blue field representing a new
constellation." The flrst display of
this flag at a military post was at Fort
Schuyler, site of the present city of
Rome, N. Y. Paul Jones claimed he
was the flrst to show the stars and
stripes on a naval vessel. The nation-
al flag flrst appeared over a foreign
stronghold, Fort Nassau, New Provi-
dence, Bahama Islands, on Its cap-
ture, June 28, 1778. Capt. Mooers of
the whaling ship Bedford, flrst flew
w ^■■ 'V>■« i
as providential. But then the alter
nate stripes were seven red and six
white; and both numbers are sacred
Let us deal with the seven red stripes
first. Look at your flag, and you will
find that the long stripes are three
in number and the short stripec four.
Why are they so divided? Why not
five and two? The answer is: Be
cause three is a sacred number, and
next to one is the most significant,
and four is a sacred number also. One
represents the unity of the Godhead,
and three the Threefold personality
of the Deity. Unity and Trinity, or
1 plus 3 equal 4, and four In symbolic
numbers represents completion oi
perfection. Four is unique in its com
prehensiveness. Thus we speak of
the four quarters of the globe, the
four cardinal points, the four seasons
of the year, the four winds of heaven
and in Biblical Imagery the four Liv-
ing Creatures, the four Judgments of
God. etc. But three and four make
seven, another sacred number. In the
Book of Revelation we read of the
Seven Candlesticks, the Seven Seals
the Seven Trumpets, the Seven Stars,
the Seven Spirits of God, etc. Then
the six white stripes are doubly sym
bolical. First, six is a sacred number,
being a double triad, or Trinity twice
repeated, the emphatic trine and sec
ond, white is a unity composed of
seven, as white light is composed of
the seven prismatic rays which con-
sist of three primary and four second-
ary, a remarkable correspondence to
the three long and the four short red
stripes of the flag. But these two,
six and seven, make another sacred
number, thirteen. The sacredness of
thirteen Is intensified by looking at it
it another way. Three and four multi-
plied together produce twleve, anoth-
er sacred number, as the twelve
tribes, the twelve Apostles, the twelve
signs of the Zodiac, and such like.
W:-S4xd I'M
The Day
/ t
%
"Go<l moves In a mysterious way
His wonders to perform."
Second, The Evolution of the Flag.
In colonial times each colony had ita
own peculiar ensign, end both army
and navy of tho United Colonies dis-
played various flags. Some were colo-
Washington on the Battlefield of Trenton.
the flag in Great Britain, Feb. 3, 1783.
At length a committee was appointed
to definitely fix the national standard.
This committee called In Capt. Sam-
uel C. Reld of the privateer Arm-
strong. to devise a new flag. He re-
tained the original thirteen stripes
and the blue ground of the union, but
added a star for every state, and this
has been the device of the flag ever
since. On the admission of a territory
as a new slate, a new star is added to
the field of the National flag. In 1901
there were forty-flve stars.
Third, The Symbolism of the Flag.
In the Bible there are certain num-
bers and emblems to which a sacred
character is attached. These are slg-
But twelve and one make thirteen
There is something more than remarlv
able In the sacred numbers of the flag
that culminate in twelve. They are:
1+3+4+6+7+12= 33. the exact num-
ber of years that Christ lived on
the earth, and the exact average of
human life upon the earth, and the
exact number of years in lunl-solar
cycles of time. Is all this mere chance
work?
But this is not all. The colors are
sacred also. When God would give
outward expression to the mystic
symbolism of Religion He was careful
to express the colors of His choice.
"Blue and purple and scarlet and fine
turned linen"—the colors of the
nlflcant in the Christian as they were American flag—red white and blnp6
n the Mosaic and the Edenic dispensa- Red Is the sL of redely b "
ttons. In the flag there are numbers
and emblems apparently unconscious-
ly adopted. It is remarkable that the
numbers and emblems of the Bible
and the flag are the same. Yet we
cannot for a moment think that the
designers of the flag consciously
selected these numbers and emblems
because of their sacred character; or
knew that they were sacred at all.
from which we are shut up to the con-
clusion that the choice was made
tinder a controlling providence.
To begin with: The flag as a whole
represents unity. In itself this is
nothing extraordinary. But then
unity, or One. Is of a sacred nature.
Thirteen is popularly considered to be
an unlucky number. But the nation
and the flag belle this superstition.
The original United States were thir-
teen. and the original national flag
had thirteen stripes and thirteen stars.
This alone would stamp the flag
sign of redemption, blue
of heaven, white of purity and peace.
When the civilized world would sym-
bolize mercy, it could only think of a
red cross on a white ground—two of
the flag's colors, and that sign will
touch the hearts of enraged combat-
ants, Christian and pagan, now en-
raged in deadliest strife, for where it
flies there Is "holy ground."
The Star, too, is a sacred figure.
It Is a scriptural sign, a prophetic
pymboi. an apocalyptic emblem. The
Star sang creation's hymn the firBt
Sabbath morn; spoke to the Father
of the Faithful from the midnight
sky. and heralded the Prince of Peace
standing above tho Bethlehem hills.
Can a flag so Instinct with heaven's
emblems, and pulsating to every
breath of breeze or blast of storm,
with holy sign and sacred symbol
have come by chance? Believe it who
may, an American can never!
Ravenswood, Chicago. III.
E x p e r. • a 2 e has
taught you in advance
that picnics are a de-
lusion and a snare; so
you know what to ex-
pect.
If elections were
held on July 5 the par-
ty that would promise
to raise the tarifT on
firecrackers 130 per
cent would get all the
votes except those of
the whole3alers and
retailers of noise.
It is generally ad-
mitted that the Chi-
nese might have been
in better business
than tney were when
inventing the fire-
cracker.
Tell the little chil-
dren about how you
had only 5 cents to
spend on the Fourth
of July when you
were a boy. They
have never beard
about it before.
Cheer up. The al-
manac-makers declare
that it comes only
once a year.
Save some of tho
thumbs; there will be
another Fourth next
July.
Some foxy gentle-
men go up in balloons
on the Fourth to es-
cape the noise.
To see some old
men holding their
ears and to listen to
the rumblings of their
grouch, one would
think they never were
boys.
: •<
Almost any reason-
ing being if he had his
choice would rather be
an automobile than a
horse on the Fourth &f
July.
Still, is It worth
such a fuss over a lit-
tle thing like licking
tho British?
When the law
bumps up against the
firecracker the law
usually retires from
the scene with a few
burned fingers and a
bum eye.
Yes.
Doras, you are a good
fuesMr. This is
the Fourth of July-
Modest, shy.
Timid, shrinking,
quiet, unassuming,
etc.,
July 4th,
The day we celebrate
Early and late
And in the middle;
also around the
edges.
With hammers, tongs
and sledges.
Anvils, steam whis-
tles, boiler factories
and
A grand
Collision between a
ton of noise
And a wagonload of
sound.
The boy8
Sit around the house
all day
And play
With their thumbs,
oh, yes!
I guess
That's a poor joke.
Great smoke!
It's really funny.
You can't get them
near tine houses ex-
cept for money.
They start in bright
And early a week be-
fore and keep it up
until midnight.
Next day
The doctor holds
sway.
The old men Let the
pace when they
were boys.
The year of the big
noise.
And you can't stop the
hubbub
With a club
Or a standing army.
What'® the use
Of a glorious Fourth
If you can't turn
noise loose?
If It's to be
A quilting match or a
pink tea
Let the boys know
In advance of the
show
That they must shoot
No cracker, toot
No horn—
And they will not go
to the trouble of
being born.
The doctor is a busy
man,
His harvest time is
here;
And he will make
enough this week
To last him for a year.
American.
O. Mother of n mighty rare.
Yet lovely 111 thy youthful grace!
1 1 . *I«ler .lame*, thy haughty peers
Admire ami hate thy blooming years;
With word* of Nliam*
And taunt of scorn they Join thy name.
£2r.°?. Ihy «he alow Is spremt
That tints thy morning hills with red;
vJilwi Pr deer's rustling feet
Within Jhy woods lire not more fleet;
Thy hopeful eye
Is bright as tnine own sunny sky.
Ay. let them rail, those haughty ones.
VV title siii. thou dweliest with they sons.
Tl'.ey do i .t Know how loved thou art.
How many a fond and fearless heart
„ ... "ould rise to throw
Ita life between thee and the foe.
They know not In their hate and pride.
What virtues wiih thy children blde-
tiuyv true, how it-thy graceful maids
Make bright, like flowers, the valley
shades;
What generous men
Soring, like thine oaks, by nllt init gten.
What cordial welcomes greet the guest
By thy lone rivers of the west;
How faith Is kept ami truth revered.
And man Is loved, nml Uod is feared.
In woodland liomea
And where the ocean border foams.
There's freedom at thy gates, and rest
Kor earths down-trodden and opprest,
A shidler for the hunted head.
For the starved laborer toH and bread,
Power, af thy bounds
8topa, and calls back hla baffled hounds.
ai. ollr,y°un* Mother! on thy brow
Bnall sit a nobler grace than now.
Deep In the brightness of thy sklea.
The thronging years In glory rise.
And. as they fleet.
Drop strength and richea at thy feet. '
'n° i'}'eu w,,h evtrf coming hour.
Shall brighten, and thy form shall tower;
And when thy sisters, elder born.
Would brand thy name with words of
acorn,
Before thine eye
Upon their lips the taunt shall die.
— William Cullen Bryant.
J^A ☆
7
fO/XW/ OT /{ft 77/F. w
MIS UT Qt/A>/ffS7QPy ti
Wo all know the history of that
pivotal Fourth of July from which all
others have become conspicuous. We
know how conflicting interests and
emotions htd contended. How Han-
cock and Samuel Adams, who had
burned the bridges behind them, and
been proclaimed traitors by Great
Britain, urged or. their cautious breth-
ren. How sagacious Franklin, long-
headed John Adams and fiery-hearted
Richard Henry Lee, together worked
and planned, coaxing, persuading and
arguing with their conservative col-
leagues. day after day. until they par-
took of their dare-all, endure-all spirit.
How that patriotic Congress eventu-
ally put aside every interest, every
consideration, save that of liberty and
love of tho right. How, with bold
John Hancock in the chair, the undy-
ing fifty-six, on July 4, 1776, signed
the Declaration of Independence. We
know that the deadly seven years'
struggle that followed, that carried
that Declaration at the sword's point,
and made tho world accept It as true.
The liberty rtf America was born on
that July day at the state house in
Philadelphia. That date Bhines r.loft
a blazing star against a darkened
firmament. Let the small boy shout,
v.'histle3 blow, bells ring, and can-
non roar! Never too loudly can the
good story be told. At Saratoga and
Stony Point. Vorktown and Valley
Forge, our fathers won : ie right for
their children's children to the last
generation to burn powder and make
uproarious din upon this national day
of days.
John Adams, the second president,
flrst prophesied that the anniversary
of the signing or the Declaration of
Independence would become a festal
day. Boston has the honor of holding
the flrst real Fourth of July celebra-
tion. The war was over. The United
States were free and Independent and
Boston proposed in 1783 to celebrate
the event In great style. So there
were marchings and parades and flut-
tering of flags, and shooting of mus-
kets and cannon. The Declaration
of Independence was read aloud, and
Dr. John Warren, Professor of Anato-
my In Harvard college, made a strongly
patriotic speech. The custom, so
beautiful and appropriate, was adopt-
ed everysrihrre throughout the land,
and the plan of these celebrations has
always been closely modeled after the
pattern flrst set.
Exactly ten years after, July 4. 1793,
John Quincy Adams was the orator of
the day at Boston. He had not yet
reached his twenty-sixth ytear, but his
father was Massachusetts' most
prominent eon, and his son was
counted as in a sense his representa
tivo. That day John Quincy Adams
showed that he was something more
than merely the son of his father. His
address is yet considered a master-
piece, and from that day he was
power in the land, and eventually be-
came president.
The morning of the Jubilee Fourth.
July, 1826, th'; fiftieth anniversary of
the signing of the Declaration of In-
dependence, found four of the signers
yet alive. Th'* Bunset found but two.
On that day there passed away the
Immortal spirits of Thomas Jefferson
and John Adams, each of whom had
been president of the ration h had
helped to make
Tho morning of July 1826, 'ound
both the old comrades sick unto
death. Jefferson sank flrst. wlt!i the
words: "I resign my bouI to God. and
my daughter to my country." Mean-
while In his mansion. John Adams lay
gasping his llro away. Ninety-one
years had not dimmed his Intellect or
weakened hla courageous spirit. He
heard the noise of the day'B celahra-
tion. and asked what day it was.
After he had been told, he lay for a
while lost in thought, his mind re-
verting to thone stirring times fifty-
years before In the state house la
Philadelphia The touch o' death was
on him then, and he realized it. "Jef-
ferson yet lives!" he ejaculated, and
then a little later, a sentiment sug-
gested by the day crossed his lips.
"Independence forever!" he said, and
never spoke again.
Exactly five years after the deaths
of Adams and Jefferson, James Mon-
roe died, the third president to die
upon Independence Day. He was one
of the most American of American
presidents. His death, on July the
4th, emphasized anew the fatality
that has pursued so many of our chief
magistrates upon this day.
In 1795 Washington selected a plot
of ground within the city of Washing-
tor as a suitable spot whereupon to
erect a monument to the American
Revolution. This was never acted
upon, but thirty-four years after his
death, it was decided Instead to erect
there a monument to Washington
himself. Slowly funds were collected,
and >n July 4th, 1848, the cornerstone
was laid with imposing civic, military
and Masonic honors. The monument
was built to slowly, however, that not
until December. 1884, was the last
stone fitted Into place, and the beau-
tiful Washington obelisk, the tallest
structure In the Now World, com-
pleted.
Two'years after tho cornerstone
was laid, the unfinished shaft had
reached the height of more than 150
feet. Zaehary Taylor, the beloved
old "Rough and Ready" of the Mexi-
can war. had been president sixteen
months. On the national holiday
July 4. 1850, he visited the uncomplet-
ed monument. In which he took great
Interest. Once on the grounds, he laid
aside tho dignity of his h!gh office
and stretched himself under the
grateful Bhade of tho partly complet-
ed shaft. A peculiar lassitude seem-
ed to come over him, and he lay thero
a long time. Suddenly paroxysms of
Internal pain came on. He had been
struck with death on Independence
day, nnd that within the shadow of
the first president's monument. Again
the old fatality to a president upon
the Fourth of July. He was carried
back to the White House, where he
lingered five days and died.
The civil war that devastated our
land. 1861-5, had progressed none too
favorably for the Union cause up to
the middle of 1863. Grant was dog-
gedly besieging Vicksburg. which con-
trolled all the lower Mississippi. As
stubbornly tho Confederates resisted.
Lee had determined to carry the war
into tho North, and had Invaded Penn-
sylvania with a great army. The fate
of the nation swung in the balance.
North and South, the people trem-
blingly awaited the lBsues of each
day. July 1st found Vicksburg still
holding out, after six weeks of ter-
rific cannonading. The same flrst
'lay of *.he same month brought the
clash between the Invading army
of Lee. and the defending expulsive
army of tho Federals at Gettysburg,
Pa. It was American against Ameri-
can and July 1st passed into July Tnd.
and that into tho third of July, and
yet the dreadful battle raged. Sixty
thousand men on those three days
were taken prisoners, wounded or
killed. Lee was forced back. In the
turning battle of the war fortune had
favored the Union forces.
Tho dawn of tho Fourth found the
heart of our people torn with contend-
ing emotions. The .mother mourned
like .Rachel over her son. stark upon
the field of Gettysburg; the father re-
joiced over a crucial battle won; tho
South sank, appalled at the blow to
her pride, her hope, her ambition;
the North was buoyant and elated.
Then over tho wires at night flashed
the news that Vicksburg had surren-
dered that day. and the Mississippi
was open to our gunboats. Great r.nd
wild, long and loud, was the rejoicing
of the one part of the nation. Sorrow^
ful and filled with despair was the
rest of the nation. God grant that
never again may Independence Day
find one portion of our people rejoic-
ing over the discomfiture of another
portion, "for we be brethren."
Tho "sad Fourth" was in July. 1881.
Two days before President Garfield
had been shot by Gulteau, the assas-
sin. and for the fifth time In our his-
tory the shadow of death hung over
an American President upon Indepen-
dence Day. The country Fouith-of
July picnics were abandoned, the cele-
brations In the great cities were sus-
pended. Here and there a flag waved
mournfully, as though anticipating Its
early hanging at half-mast. It was a
quiet Fourth, t. sad Fourth, a hard
Fourth. All hearts were touched
From that awfttl day. July 2, until tho
dread day in September, when the last
summons came to the poor, worn, suf-
fering President, thero was never a*
waking hour but that the thoughts of
our people were with their stricken
chief, fighting heroically for life.
The Spanish-American war was on
hand In 1898. On the third of that
July the Spanish admiral, Cervera.
made a desperate attempt to escape
from Santiago harbor. It quickly end-
ed In a victory Tor the Americans. A
victory so complete that it annihilated
the entire fleet, and the whole body of
Spaniards became prisoners of war
Virtually the war was ended then and
there. It tool; a few hours tor the
news to get wh?re It could be cabled,
but all over the Union July 4th. 1898*
the wires sang busily. The Spaniards
were not our flesh and blood, as were
tho southern soldiers that day thirty-
five years before, when the Fourth of-
July wires flashed the news of victory.
Thero was no bitter to tho Joy. no
pang to the victory.
What the future has In atore for
this red letter day of time we know
not. But come what will, by great
deeds done, by battles won, by days
of national Joy and national sorrow
shared togethor, Fourth of July will
ever be a sacred day to all true Ameri-
cans.
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
Crum, David W. The Ralston Free Press. (Ralston, Okla.), Vol. 5, No. 2, Ed. 1 Friday, July 1, 1904, newspaper, July 1, 1904; Ralston, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc159183/m1/7/?q=%22%22~1: accessed August 15, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.