Home, Field and Forum (Guthrie, Okla.), Vol. 4, No. 7, Ed. 1 Wednesday, July 1, 1896 Page: 5 of 16
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HOUR VULD AID VOSUM.
1896.
Appb Tree 8an-8oald.
Ik la probable thai more apple trees
that are well looated and selected die
from sun-scald la the Bouthweet than
from any other oauae, aad this km la
eetlrely preventable. By the term sun-
scald la meant the trouble that ahowa
Iteelf by the traee becoming rotten In
the trunk on the eouth aide, whtoh
Anally ao weakena It that it cannot sup-
port Ita top, and consequently break*
down, very likely when loaded with
fruit. It la probable that thla trouble
la generally caused by a part of the
bark on the aouth—or, more commonly,
the aouthweat-aide of the tree atartr
lng Into growth before the reet of the
tree, during some warm period In the
latter part of winter or early In the
spring. Such warm periods are gen
erally followed by a severe freeze, In
which caae the newly-formed Imma-
ture oella are ruptured, or the oell oon-
tenta Injured, which results in the bark
on the affected Bide dying and falling
off.
PREVENTION OF BUN-BCALD.
1. Sun-scald may be prevented by
anything that will shade the trunk and
llmba; even a few branohea furnlah suf-
ficient ahade. If the top of the tree la
followed to a considerable extant. Thla
la effected by etandlng up a slx-lnoh
hoard oa the aouth aide of the tree ao
■ to keep the aun'a raya off from the
trunk. Sometimes two boards are
nailed together, ao aa to partly Inclose
the trunk. Thla la aa exoellent method
of protection. An objection to It la
that unless the boarde are very care-
fully placed the bark on the branohea
may be Injured by them.
0. Protection by boxing the trunks
of trees and filling the boxes with soli
has oome Into uee within a few years.
Tbia is probably the safest and most
complete method known. It protects
the trunk against sudden ohangea in
temperature, aa well aa agalnet sun
ecald, and the adoption of thla method
of protection will undoubtedly make It
practicable to grow the hardleat apple
trees much farther north than It was
heretofore believed poaalble. Thla
practice la eapeclally adapted to the
purposee of protection of the few treea
ao desirable In the farmer's garden
and is worthy of very general use un
der such conditions. The expense for
material la very little, and generally
material for uae In
Budding
The budding of fruit treea la a very
almple prooeaa. It ooaalata of placing
the bud o( one tree between the bark
and wood of another, tying It tightly
in place, where in a abort time It
unites, and afterwards becomes a part
of the tree. Nurserymen and frultr
growers practice It largely. In fact,
all the applea, peers, oherrlea, peaches
and plums sold, are raised either by
budding or grafting. The rare trees
of ornamental oharacter are, many of
them, Increased In thesame way. New
trunk sufficiently to prevent eun-ecald.
There la a tendency in thla section for
all treea to lnoline to the northeast,
due largely to the fact that the prevail-
ing wlnda are from the authweat during
the growing aeaaon and while the
ground la soft. Treea that lnoline to
the northeast reoelve the raya of the
aun directly upon the trunk, and are
moat liable to sun-eoald. In order to
keep the tops of trees Inclined to the
southwest, they must be planted with a
decided slant In that direction, though
not ao much ao aa to disfigure the trees.
Even when this la done the trees will
need annual attention to keep them in
One large and auocesa
buddlag depends very much
tree to be operated on. Aa a rule, both
the apple aad the pear finlah their
growth earlier than the cherry and the
peach. July and Auguat aeea a good
deal of the work on theee finished,
while that on the cherry nad peach Is
a month or two later. All depends on
the sap. The work is not done aa aeon
aa the sap is running to admit of the
lifting of the bark, aa the buda are
usually too Immature at that time, but
It must not be delayed until the growth
stops, or the bark cannot be lifted to
— . - | admit the bud. Almost all other trees,
kind, are thus rapidly P as well as frulta, can be Increased In
lata bud weak-growing roeea on stronger and the operation gi
sorts; and In all aorta of ways budding
Is useful. Taking the cherry among
fruits as an Illustration, the fruit-
grower sows seed this season, which
gives him plants large enough to set
out In rows next spring. Should theee
plants grow freely, they are fit to bud
In late summer. The seedling plants
may be anywhere from one to two feet
high. The bud Is Inserted near the
ground. The next spring the seed-
lings are headed back to just above the
buda. The buds then push Into growth
and beoome the trees. If the sap runs
the same way; and the operation glvea
pleasure to the amateur as well as
brings profit to tboee who follow horti-
culture aa a buslneaa.—Joseph Meehan,
in The 1'ractical Farmer.
Why a North 81ope Is Best for an Orchard
Location.
During the winter of 1894 6 the Wis-
consin Experiment Station endeavored
to aaoertaln the effect of winter tem-
peratures on the trunks of trees situ-
ated on the south slope, summit, and
north slope of a hill. In the situation
the necessary material for use
ncient snsne. ii m« "uy — -- — i amall way can be had without any ap-
kept Inclined to the southwest until It ^ whatever. The question
Is firmly established, it will shade the of the earth from the boxes
v- * — * ...n^ld. I ln summflr hM been considerably dla-
cuased. The boxes filled with earth
have been allowed to remain around a
large number of the treea for three
years and no harm has resulted from
the practice. Judging from this expe-
rience I am of the opinion that no
harm can result from the practloe of
allowing the boxes to remain on all the
year round. However, If at any time
the boxes were dlapensed with, I should
be very much afraid of removing tbem
on the approach of winter; but If re-
moved ln the spring I do not think
that their having been used would ln-
tbe susceptibility of the trees
to Injury from sun-scald. This method
ana Deoome mo «w . —r — , . .
freely which It must do or the work chosen the apparatus was looated on a
cannot be performed, the bark lift* gently sloping bluff, the aide-hill eta-
' tlona being thirty-two feet below the
summit. The method of taking the
temperature was by aelf-reoordlng In-
struments, the thermometer bulbs
being placed ln augur holes one lnoh
beneath the bark. The measurements
were exactly similar ln ail oases, and
record § give temperatures at 7 o'clock
a. m. and 1 o'olock p. m. for four
months—December, January, February
and March. The only room for criti-
cism of the experiment is that the
temperatures were taken ln green
black-oak posts, eight Inches ij> diame-
ter, Instead of ln the trunks of living
trees, It being barely possible that the
presenoe of living branches and roots
might tend to regulate the tempera-
ture of the tree trunk even ln winter.
The results of theee temperature
IlcmovliiK u hud.
I readily to admit the bud. Those whose
It Is to bud, use a bone-han-
that position. _ |
ful apple-grower goes so far as to tie protection, however, does not cover buslnem i i>uu, un - . me results ui iu«w> muii>or «iiD
each tree to a email stake to hold It ln crotchos 0f the trees, and theee died knife. Suoh a one haa a handle measurements ln winter show that a
position. If the trees are planted ln ,hould ^ protected as previously reo- thin at the end, made so to enter where trunk on the aouth slope of a hill may
quincunx fashion, so that the rows run lmended the out Is made, to lift up the bark have an average dally change of tem-
southweat and northeast, aa well as | Thfj methods of protection suggested | without bruising It The T out has J perature for an entire winter over 8°
than the change of tempera-
\ tree oa the north slope. But
„ — , *be average bat the extremes
laths and wire woven together and I liflnjury 'from mlce"end" to a large I shoot of the same seaaon. The leaf haa I ^ temperature whloh are deetruotlva
wrapped around the treea la advocated, extent, from all Injury from rabblta, been cut off, but the Jeaf stalk la left Q; fruit trees. On thla point we find
and on this aooount alone, ln many see- on, as it aaalata ln the placing of the the greatest variation on any one day
| ti
4
apple trees, un nraigni trees i> i-1 Besides the apple, tbepeacn, pium an<
fords exoellent protection to the trunks, oherry ere occasionally thus Injured
and it la eaally supplemented each an- wl,lle ann lnjurlee are very common oi
• i « —i*k I . . . . r • « 11 _ _ i
| Bealdee the apple, the peach, plum and
e ooca
i Injuries are very oommou on
tumn by stuffing the crotch with hay
S. Thla veneers of wood are manufac-
tured whloh, when soaked with water,
may be easily wrapped around the
trunks and held ln plaoe by two wires.
Theee have recently oome Into uae, and 'ftiaysr'i Berry Bulletin for July, 1896.
ere received with oonalderable favor by —
black walnut, and oooaaionally almost |
any of our deciduous trees are so af-
feoted.—SomweJ B. Cfreen, in Southwest-
ern Farm and Orchard.
When berry plants produoe one crop
they never bear again. A new plant |
must be grown every year for next sea-
im 9 urwp.
la the effort to bear fruit and mature
Opening to receive
hud.
apple-growers. They are open to the
same objection aa the lath screen, but mw ^ (|
are eaally supplemented In the same OPOp
way, and are very desirable. in the el
4. Wire screen, snoh as la used for perfect aeed plants beoome completely
mosquito netting, has Its advocates as exhausted. In this weak oondltlon
protection against sun-scald. It has the* at onoe offer an abiding place for
the merit of being more flexible thaa germs of fllsnasr and a depository for length of the out—If a trifle smaller it
thoae mentioned before, aad It eaally eggs of future Insect peats. A dying won't matter—but It most not be any
conforms to the shape of the trunk. It piMt alao eadaagers health and vigor longer. When laaerted It muet be
la, however, non emery to supplement it o( MW growth; henoe all old oanss aad tied tightly ln lta place to keep the
with some material for protecting the pients should he removed and burned parts oloae together until a union la
orotohes. Immediately after fruiting. effected. The jolata must be Had to
Bud ln place and
wrapped.
yet the expoaed trunkado not warm up
ao qulokly oa the north alope, henoe
the leaa daager of rupturing the aap
oella, whloh oonatltutea the phenome-
non of Injury by frost.
This investigation deals only with
winter temperatures. We can safely
draw the Inference from tbem, how-
ever, that summer meesureaaeats
would show similar differences of tem-
perature. Doubtless meesurements of
soil moisture would show alao that a
north slope retains moisture during
summer better than a south slope, aad
It has beea pretty felly demonstrated
by Prof. Sweeiy, of the Nebraska
Weather Servloe, that the fruit erop
varies as the moisture available to the
tree varies; or, as Mr. Bweemy pot* It,
the fruit orop varies with the teaaooal
rainfall.
One other ooedltloa la Important to
planter* In the Mlaeourl valley. The
, Immediately after fruiting. I effected. The jolata muat be tied to I provalllag rommer winds, and
I. flexible materials, such aa burlap In raspberrlee, not only remove all old fit oloae to each other aad to axel ada olaly U e hoti wlnda, are
end wm g peper, la exoelleat for naa—. but all weak aad unthrifty new moisture. Done at the right Ieouta *
thla purpose. They ahonld, however, growth. Four or five vigorous
he taken off la aummer and the burlap, {* each hill are sufficient for beat re-
whaa thaa oared for, may be need for suite.
utmI -eera. More thaa a aoore of dlattaot
«. Aa exoellent method of protection ^Serrtei l"?ha moat ««•__ _
la that glvea by wrapping the trunk of T^Xatnrnat" ^ hlaok-oape aad "earl
the tree with a hay "P8 * *>7 Waff leaf" amoag rede. Hilla ao effected
cornstalks oa the aouth half of the tree should be ang oat, root aad hranoh,
oa the approach of winter. Theee end burned aft onea. The removal of
should extend up far enough to protect I weak aad dylag aanaa. jadloUma prun-
b""ok""
1. Th,plaatiaf of lahrub, not **I***!?''?'**Thfl'7^nfi ami
barberry boah, aa Arttmuia abntmu, |jOB| whlte hiUabota aad kindred
or alallar hardy plant, oa the aouth aide edlea are aoaaetbaae neoeeaary, an
of apple treea, haa been recommended guoueseful grower sheuldkaow when
aad to aoaae extaat praetioed for the I aad how to aaa them. All are qotekly
i of
bat little riek of lallure la
bat about n week to
haa haea made. If
the leaf atalk whleh wae left oa the bad
will drop oloaa away (ron the
whea tonohed
ful
afforda the heat poaalble ahaltar from
theee wlnda.
^ In
where grant quan
are naed, either
[ 1) bare; raOa la frpaathe palm,
**
■ ** *•* oarea bight It Is net np la a
I"""
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Soule, J. S. Home, Field and Forum (Guthrie, Okla.), Vol. 4, No. 7, Ed. 1 Wednesday, July 1, 1896, newspaper, July 1, 1896; Guthrie, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc102561/m1/5/?rotate=90: accessed May 4, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.