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The Final Campaign: The Confederate Offensive of 1864

Description: Article details the campaign of Confederate Major General Samuel Bell Maxey against the federal army at Forts Smith and Gibson in Indian Territory. Tom Franzmann attests that the campaign is often overlooked in Oklahoma history and requires a more thorough exposure to determine its effectiveness.
Date: Autumn 1985
Creator: Franzmann, Tom L.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Deadly Currents: John Ross's Decision of 1861

Description: Article expounds on the situation Chief John Ross faced as leader of the Cherokees during the Civil War. Ari Kelman provides details about factionalism within the Cherokee Nation, the impossibility of neutrality during wartime with pressures from both Federal and Confederate armies, and the personal political intentions of the Cherokee leader.
Date: Spring 1995
Creator: Kelman, Ari
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Butternut and Blue: Confederate Uniforms in the Trans-Mississippi

Description: Article describes the issues faced by the Confederate Army when their government could not supply uniforms for the troops while they were in the field, contributing to their ragtag appearance. Whit Edwards dwells on some of the difficulties this caused, including the yellowed look of unlaundered uniforms creating the "butternut" nickname for troops.
Date: Winter 1995
Creator: Edwards, Whit
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

The Choctaw Warrants of 1863

Description: Article discusses the economic and political state of the Choctaw Nation during the Civil War. James F. Morgan investigates the incentives the United States government and Confederate States of America offered the Choctaws to illicit an alliance.
Date: Spring 1979
Creator: Morgan, James F.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Black Slavery in the Creek Nation

Description: Article examines the practice of slaveholding among the Creek people, exploring details of its beginnings as well as the results of emancipation of those enslaved to become freed persons within Indian Territory.
Date: Autumn 1978
Creator: Halliburton, Janet
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Confederate Refugees from Indian Territory

Description: Article discusses the difficulties faced by Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole refugees who left Indian Territory during the Civil War and the relief their leaders attempted to secure them as delegates to the Confederate government.
Date: Winter 1979
Creator: Fischer, LeRoy H. & McMurry, William L.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Jesse Chisholm: Peace-maker, Trader, Forgotten Frontiersman

Description: Article describes the life of frontier trader and explorer Jesse Chisholm, a man who left quite a legacy. Stan Hoig highlights the man's contribution as an interpreter and intermediary for the tribes of the plains in peace-making missions during the Civil War, earning him close relationships and respect.
Date: Winter 1988
Creator: Hoig, Stan
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Visionary or Rogue? The Life & Legacy of Elias Cornelius Boudinot

Description: Article describes the colorful political career of Elias Cornelius Boudinot, a man considered by some a progressive altruist and others as a self-seeking politician who betrayed his people. Boudinot was a Cherokee lawyer who fought for many controversial ideas, such as making Indian Territory an official territory of the United States and establishing a central government there.
Date: Autumn 1987
Creator: Colbert, Thomas Burnell
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

War for Survival: The Wichita Indians during the Civil War

Description: Article describes the turmoil and travel the Wichita tribe faced during the Civil War, as they were relocated to Kansas as war refugees, then eventually made the trek back to their home in Indian Territory under threat of floods, epidemics, and attacks from neighboring tribes. Stan Hoig chronicles their journeys and provides historical context.
Date: Autumn 1984
Creator: Hoig, Stan
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Quantrill's Civil War Operations in Indian Territory

Description: Article chronicles the exploits of William Clarke Quantrill, a guerrilla fighter hired by the Confederacy during the American Civil War. His activity from Kansas Territory through Indian Territory caused fear to spread throughout Union forces because of his ruthlessness.
Date: Summer 1968
Creator: Fischer, LeRoy H. & Rampp, Lary C.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Dr. Daniel Morris Hailey

Description: Article honors Dr. Daniel Morris Hailey, a former private of the Confederate Army and wounded army doctor who opened the first drug store within the Choctaw Nation.
Date: Autumn 1940
Creator: Williams, Robert L.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Reminiscences of Old Stonewall

Description: Article documents the significance of several businesses, such as a neighborhood school and a general store, within the town of Stonewall, Oklahoma that resided in the Chickasaw Nation.
Date: Summer 1942
Creator: Burris, George W.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society
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