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... History of Fort Cobb," 55. 37 Ibid., 56. 38 War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records... History of Fort Cobb," 57. 42 War of the Rebellion, Vol. 1, 660. 43 Smith, "'The Most Destitute' People..., "Wichita Indian Agents, 1857-1869" in The Civil War Era in Indian Territory, ed. LeRoy H. Fischer (Los..., When the Wolf Came, 122. 49 Abel, The American Indian in the Civil War, 182. 50 Schilz, "People.... 55 Abel, The American Indian in the Civil War, 182. 56 Paige, "Wichita Indian Agents, 1857-1869," 80

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..., Sooners in the War, 14 (the council "often neglected to look up the legal status of questions and it has... days before World War I ended, the state council finally decided to appoint a committee to investigate..., in Lampe, Sooners in the War, minutes 47. Page numbering begins again in Lampe, Sooners in the War... in the World War (Tulsa, OK: Tulsa County Historical Society, 1919), 59. 14 For crimes of the Oklahoma councils... at Home, 106-07; O. A. Hilton, "The Oklahoma Council of Defense and the First World War," The Chronicles

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... of Oklahoma, including the Comanche Code Talkers of World War II and the Civil War in Indian Territory. His... first book, The Civil War and the Subversion of American Indian Sovereignty, was published in 2017..., 1970), 177; Mary Jane Warde, When the Wolf Came: The Civil War and the Indian Territory (Fayetteville...: The Wichita Agency Tribes and the Civil War," in The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory, ed... Indian in the Civil War, 1862-1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 182; Edwin C

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... of their seclusion in Texas, their decision to continue to aid the government in its ongoing war for the West.... The Tonkawa Massacre of 1862 remains one of the most underappreciated events in the Civil War, though... it was arguably one of the most devastating events to occur in Indian Territory during the war.71 The exact... warring tribes, built up over decades, being a key factor. Moreover, while the war party made up.... The Tonkawa are the worst example of collateral damage in the Civil War, neglected and unprotected by those

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... in the War, 6, 8-10; Lampe, Tulsa County in the World War, 60; Hilton, "The Oklahoma Council of Defense," 21... the War," Tulsa Daily World, September 19, 1917, 4. Williams's executive secretary Westfall reported... of State Council, December 29, 1917, in Lampe, Sooners in the War, minutes 6. 24 Minutes of State Council..., November 30, 1918, in Lampe, Sooners in the War, minutes 48. The motion was made by state council member..., Tulsa County in the World War, 60: "State Council of Defense Wants Three Tulsans to Direct Work from

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... would operate an influential Tulsa advertising firm well into the 1950s. For World War I and the growth..., 1917, 4. 33 Lampe, Sooners in the War, 87; Lampe, Tulsa County in the World War, 64. He also owned... for the councils, which survived on contributions. The Tulsa Council was also aided by a privately subscribed "war... fund" of at least $30,000. Lampe, Tulsa County in the World War, 199-200. This allowed McFarlin..., 1918, 9. For McFarlin's "advancements," see Lampe, Sooners in the War, 87 ($9,000 to the Home Guard

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...' and "violently patriotic," see Martin H. Lutter, "Oklahoma and the World War, 1914-1917: A Study in Public..., 275. For label "war governor," see William T. Lampe, ed., Sooners in the War (Oklahoma City: State...; Lampe, Sooners in the War, 7-15; "Hist! Williams May Be Itching to Wear Senator Gore's Toga," Tulsa.... 9 Lampe, Sooners in the War, 14. 10 The federal Council of National Defense (CND) "requested..., Sooners in the War, 4 (lists CND statutory powers); Second Annual Report of the Council of National

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... TULSA OUTRAGE Civil War plantation owner.1 Brilliant and driven, Williams's attention to detail... first two years were dubbed the "cruel economy"-had not the United States entered World War I in April... this because he wanted to "run the show" himself, the "violently patriotic" Williams became Oklahoma's war.... The Legislature had adjourned before the declaration of war. With few exceptions, therefore, edicts were issued

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.... However, at around 9 p.m. on October 23' a war party descended upon Fort Cobb. Jones, who was planning... of the agency to the house of a man named Chandler. The war party killed four at the agency and burned down all... war whoops of the attacking Indians.... and the next day an Indian called To-she-way gave him a horse... of the tribe's arms. As daylight broke over the Tonkawa camp, the war party split itself and attacked

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... head of the state council's "Four Minute Men." Lampe, Sooners in the War, 79; "Compliments Four Minute... to the European war zone. R. L. Williams to Glenn Condon, December 10, 1917, folder 7, box 27, R. L. Williams... Collection, OHS; "Oklahomans Will Go to War Front," Tulsa Daily World, November 26, 1917, 2; "Condon Departs..., Tulsa County in the World War, 61, 63, 67-69. For Lindsey's biography, see Linda D. Wilson, "Lindsey...); Murphy, World War Iand the Origin of Civil Liberties; Jay Feldman, Manufacturing Hysteria: A History

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... in the hunt for disloyalty. Lampe, Tulsa County in the World War, 92, 151-54. For APL, see Joan Jensen... County in the World War, Gibbons's photo caption after page 60. 117 Baldwin Papers, 103. 118 "I. W. W... in the World War, 69-70. Prior to Meserve's appointment, loyalty investigations were handled by Gibbons; Wash... Sneed, future Tulsa city attorney. Lampe, Tulsa County in the World War, 71-72. For Hudson, see... Lampe, Tulsa County in the World War, 75; also, Hilton, "The Oklahoma Council of Defense," 35n42. Brown

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... By Randy Hopkins As the United States entered World War I, Governor Robert L. Williams established... By Joe Cummings In April 1898 the United States went to war with Spain, and men volunteered from all... the common experience of war can unite even the most dissimilar of Americans and change their lives

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... TONKAWA MASSACRE The 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln, and the resulting secession and Civil War... with the onset of the Civil War and further diversion of those resources, not to mention the seesaw of who... among the Texas tribes in supporting the Confederacy.50 With the outbreak of war back east and the need

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... authorized the secretary of war to loan weapons to "home guards who may be organized under the direction... them, so he disbanded them. General Order from Williams, January 8, 1919, in Lampe, Sooners in the War... In addition to ignoring federal admonitions to secure legislation for his councils, Williams slow played War.... By war's end, Oklahoma was the only state failing to have one. Linda D. Wilson, "Oklahoma Council

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... THE CHRONICLES OF OKLAHOMA The Rough Riders Three By Joe Cammings* "War is Declared... the bill passed by both houses of the US Congress declaring war against the kingdom of Spain. He also

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..., the Confederate report of the battle as recorded by Mary Jane Warde, in her work When the Wolf Came: The Civil War... Series, The American Indian as Participant in the Civil War (Cleveland, OH: Arthur C. Clark Company, 1919...), claims 150 Tonkawa survived the attack. In his work Between Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War

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... being organized, it incorporated an existing "guard" of war veterans headed by Rook. 133 According... War, 222; Lampe, Sooners in the War, 87 (also placing Robert McFarlin's picture beside the write-up

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... (loved raids and hazardous exploits), 58, 274, 359, 379, 402 (devotions to Southern/Civil War history... to newspaper suggestions to lynch). 129 Condon resigned around November 26 to devote himself to war work.... "Oklahomans Will Go to War Front," Tulsa Daily World, November 26, 1917, 2. For subsequent editorial praise

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... after the war ended did the state council order the county councils to confine themselves to "action..., and migrating in 1907, Gibbons was the father of advertising in Tulsa, a profession that grew with the war

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... groups opposed to the Civil War.126 If so, it points to the involvement of southern Civil War