The Black Dispatch (Oklahoma City, Okla.), Vol. 5, No. 23, Ed. 1 Friday, April 23, 1920 Page: 6 of 8
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CONDENSED
CLASSICS
*
QUO VADIS
■*
By HENRY SIENKIEWIC2
CenJtmatlor lu Prof. William Ftnwkk Harrit
of Cambridge Mau
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T IS only wlth:n (lie past decade that
engineers have come to the realiza-
tion that heat generated by electricity
has enormous possibilities of indust-
rial development. Of course it has
always been known that electricity
passing through a wire created heat
of varying degrees and intensity, but
formerly this was considered more in
the light of au unavoidable nuisance
than otherwise.
As the electrical industry developed, however,
®od central stations of ever-incrensing size were
built, engineers began to look for means whereby
stations could sell their electricity to the best
advantage to themselves and the customers they
served. This resulted in the rapid development
Of electric heating devices until today 500.000 K.
W. or 070,000 horse power is used for industrial
purposes alone. This figure represents some 7%
per cent of the electric energy used for all other
Industrial uses, for it has recently been estimated
that about 9.000,000 horse power is used by elec-
tric motors In manufacturing.
The principal factor contributing to the increas-
ed use of electric heating appliances is the way
la which they answer the modern demand for con-
servation—conservation not only in the saving of
natural resources, but tlie saving of time, mate-
rials and the reduction of the uncertain "personal
element" to a minimum, as well as the improve-
ment of the product. Despite the fact that the
conversion of fuel into electric heat is only readi-
ed after a long and complicated series of steps,
whose ultimate efficiency is but 20 per cent, It has
met requirements so well that in time It will un-
doubtedly replace the use of fuel heating to an
enormous extent. At Niagara Falls, for exam-
ple, fully 90 per cent of the energy now generated
Is 'used for Industrial heating purposes. In fact,
Its development in recent years has gained such
headway that it bids fair to surpass, in energy
consumption, both the light and power branches
of electrical service together.
With the enormous amount of undeveloped hy-
draulic power in the country, it is not easy to
predict where the final stopping point will be, be-
cause it is by water power that electrical energy
can be most efficiently developed as regards money
Input versus output. The limits to the use of
electricity, produced hydraulically, can be grasped
only when it Is realized that there is one hundred
and twelve million potential horse power on the
continent of North America still undeveloped.
Most industrial heating of former days was ob-
tained through three mediums—coal, oil or gas.
Taking coal as an example in reaching the exceed-
ingly high temperature necessary in some proc-
esses, 88 per cent of the B. T. U„ or heat units,
In a pound of coal are used up in merely raising
the fuel and the excess air of the furnace to the
required temperature, thus wasting the natural re-
sources upon which we depend so much, and mak-
ing the average industrial town anything but a
healthful or pleasant place in which to live.
With electrical heat, temperatures that are im-
possible to fuel-generated heat are reached quick-
ly, economically, and without any consequent de-
filement of the surrounding atmosphere. Along
the same line of conservation, manufacturers are
beginning to realize that the elimination of spoiled
and unfit products, whether rendered so by ineffi-
cient and unreliable methods of heating, or by
careless employees is just as much conservation
as anything else. Also the elimination of unneces-
sary labor, and the establishment of cleaner, safer
working conditions, tend toward the attainment
of the rapid rate of production which is the
paramount demand of the present Industrial era.
' Thus the variety of processes to which electric
heat is applicable lias given rise to many devices
for Its use, ranging all the way from a metal-
melting furnace, whose production is 18,000
pounds a day, through the oven field, to small
metal melting pots with a capacity of 25 pounds
of metal. In the domestic field 25,000 electrit
ranges and an uncounted number of small house-
hold appliances are in use. All furnaces, ovens,
etc., claim economy and perfection of their fin-
ished products.
To take the brass furnace as a typical exam-
ple of what can be done by the application of
electric heat in overcoming the difficulties of spe-
cialized operation, in the fuel-heated brass fur-
nace, one of the greatest drawbacks is the loss
of zinc through volatilization and oxidation due to
the high temperature of the applied heat, as well
•s the atmospheric conditions surrounding the
bath.
In the electrically-heated brass furnace both
these conditions are absolutely under the con-
trol of the operator. There are several types of
brass furnaces in use today: the arc type, which
has no automatic control but a low first cost; the
Induction which Just fits a field where produc-
tions can be placed on a 24-hour basis; the car-
bon resister, best for temperatures not exceeding
1,000 C, and the muffled type, more expensive,
but the only one that can be operated automati-
cally.
This furnace can be operated at higher tem-
perature than the carbon resister type, and at
the same time can be regulated to operate at low-
er temperatures economically, but with the addi-
tional feature of automatic control.
The electric furnace, in actual u«e, has reached
the rempemturt* of 3.000 CI Kecent experiments
to a rcsi-.uxh labor*iury have, however, developed
a furnace which gives a tem-
perature of 4,500 O—enough to
volatilize diamondS. A compari-
son of these temperatures with/
that of the sun, which is esti-
mated at 5,000 C, gives a strik-
ing idea of what can be accom-
plished in handling refractory
substances with electric heat.
There are other types of elec-
tric furnaces, which, although
simple In construction, are capa-
ble of doing in one operation
things which formerly took sev-
eral heatings. In making shells,
for example, for large caliber
guns, it (s necessary to expose
different sections of the same shell to different
degrees of heat. With an electric furnace this is
done by simply combining heat units of varying
resistance, according to the degree of heat de-
sired, In the same furnace.
The war was responsible for many new devices
designed with a view to Increasing production
quickly. One of the things the government need-
ed most was ships—lots of them, and in building
ships an enormous amount of rivets have to be
heated, and that quickly. The usual method or
heating these rivets was in a forge, usually burn-
ing coke or oil as fuel, which was after a care-
ful survey, found to be woefully inefficient. The
attendance was large, requiring a blower man as
well as a passer; large quantities of rivets were
burned, welded together, or insufficiently heated
in the forge, and when it had to be taken Into the
hold of the ship for use, the difficulties of oper-
ation were only exceeded by the vileness of the
atmosphere resulting from the fumes of the forge.
The result was the electric rivet heater. Rivets
are now heated by inserting them between two
copper bars carrying a heavy current, supplied
by a transformer. Since the iron of the rivets
themselves is a material fit high resistance, they
are heated thoroughly and quickly. The bars are
operated by a foot pedal, so that when the rivets
are removed, or are Icing placed in position to
be heated, the current ceases to flow. The whole
apparatus Is easily portable.
It was found that this simple machine heated
the rivets throughout; that, inasmuch as the en-
ergy was used only when the rivets were actually
being heated, there was no waste of heat; that
there were no noxious fumes or spoiled and wast-
ed rivets, and that the machine was nearly fool-
proof. The attendance was reduced to a mini-
mum, and there was no necessity of supplying
fuel, with the consequent trouble in disposing of
the ashes when it was being operated in more
or less inaccessible parts of a ship, it has a ca-
pacity of 800 ^4-inch rivets, 1 inch long per
hq§r, which is enough under ordinary conditions
for a gang of gun riveters.
The place whore electric heat has found Its
greatest application, from the standpoint of num-
ber of installations at least, is in the electrically-
heated oven, or air-drying and baking apparatus
as one prefers. It is surprising how many prod-
ucts that are necessities of our everyday life re-
quire an oven treatment somewhere in the course
of their manufacture.
Electric ovens are used more In the automobile
industry than in any other field. Here 100,000
KW are used in baking the japan on 3,000 auto-
mobile bodies every day. In a few years the au-
tomobile whose Japanned parts are not baked in
an electric oven will be a rarity. Other large
users of electric ovens are foundries, for baking
cores; telephone and typewriter manufacturers-
manufacturers of iron and bed frames, and chem-
ical manufacturers of various sorts.
Oven processes include baking, air tempering,
drying and sherardizing. Of these four the first
is the most used, the other two are quite com-
mon, and the last is a process for protecting ex-
posed iron parts from corrosion. '
In many of these processes, accurate regulation
of heat, and automatic control are absolutely nec-
essary, because many materials are irrevocably
ruined by a slight ehapse In the tvmperatui* of
the oven. And here again manufacturers, have
found that the saving In material which was
spoiled by the vagaries of the fuel-heated furnace
has more than paid for the Increased ex^iense of
installing and operating a bunk of electric ovens.
Of these three classes of ovens, those installed
for baking are the most numerous. The work
they do varies: baking Japan on various article^
Henry Slenjde
wlcz, so great i
name In Poland
that he has been
coupled with Co-
pernicus and Kos-
ciuszko as the
three Poles to
whom Americans
are most Indebted,
was born in Opre-
ya in Russian Po-
land in 1846. He
studied philosophy
at Warsaw uni-
versity and soon
a f1 e r w a rds, In
company with
Helen Modjeska
and other radical
Poles, established |
a socialistic com-
munity in Cali-
romia. It was somewhat like the
sarlier Brook Farm experiment made
by Hawthorne and his friends. It was
no more successful and Sienkiewlcz re-
turned to Poland where he wrote a
series of articles for a Warsaw news-
paper about his American experiences.
Then he turned to novel writing. He
wrote brilliantly and rapidly, turning
with the utmost ease from realistic
pictures of contemporary life to stories
of romance and to historical novels.
Children of the Soil," which he called
his best book, is a simple story of
Polish life which won more favor with
his own countrymen than it did abroad.
In the 80s he completed his tremen-
Sous trilogy, "With Fire and Sword."
"The Deluge" and "Pan Michael."
There was an epic quality about these
historical novels that made many peo-
ple in many lands hail him as a new
Scott or a new Dumas.
His International reputation, how-
ever, came with "Quo Vadis," his mas-
terpiece of ancient Roman life. It was
tui'.'klv translated into English and in-
to nearly every tongue. Then It passed
to the stage, not only in America and
England, but also in France and Gor-
man}'. Since that success Sienkiewlcz
had traveled widely, visiting England,
France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Africa and
the Far East. He received the Nobel
prize for literature in 1905. From the
autbreak of the war to his death in
November, 1916, he devoted himself to
the relief of Polish war victims.
CO/V/'OJ/syo j?£'jLr///<? y=or
baking enamels, cores and colored inks on litho
graphic plates. The japan baking oven has beefl
developed from the experimental stage in the last
four years. The process of baking japan In fuel-
burning ovens, owing to the fact that volatile and
explosive liquids, such as naphtha and kerosene,
are used as solvents, has always been a some-
what hazardous operation. The gases given off
are of a highly-explosive nature, and frequently
these ovens have exploded with decidedly disas
trous results. Another fault of this fuel oven was
that In baking the lighter colors of a japan or
enamels, soot from the gas sometimes would dis-
color the baking articles. Some of the ovens used
in this work are of tly? conveyor type, so that
loads can be loaded and unloaded while one Is
baking. The capacity of two of these ovens used
in one plant is greater than that of six gas-heated
ovens, formerly used to do the same work. It
takes about three-quarters of an hour to com-
plete a baking in one factory where these ovens
are largely used, which more than doubles the
number of loads finished per day, with a saving
of 70 cents per load, which ran up into thousands
of dollars when figured on a daily ba^s. The
quality of work turned out is superior to that of
the old type; it requires little or no attention,
and the fire hazard is largely eliminated.
It is interesting to know that a new type of j
«<T DO not know of a cer-
I tainty her name even—Lygia
"*■ or Callina? They call her
Lygia in the house, for she comes of
the Lygian nation; but she has her
wn barbarian name—Callina. It is
% wonderful house—that of those Plau-
tiuses. There are many people in it:
out it is as quiet there as In the groves
at Sublacum. For a number of days I
aid not know that a divinity dwelt in
'he house. Once about daybreak I
jpw her bathing in the garden foun-
tain ; and I swear to thee by that foam
from which Aphrodite rose, that the
rays of dawn passed right through her
aody. I thought that when the sun
rose she would vanish before me In
the light, as the twilight of morning
Joes. Since then I have seen her
[wice; and since then, too, I know not
what rest Is, I know not what .other
lesires are, I have no wish to know
what the city can give me. I want
not women, nor gold, nor Corinthian
jronze, nor amber, nor "pearls, nor
wine, nor feasts ; I* want only
Lygia.'"
Thus did VInlcius, young Roman
patrician of the time of Nero, an-
nounce his love for Lygia, daughter
jf a king, beautiful hostage from her
nation, forgotten in the turmoil of the
11 o iuivi vwntift vv i uv u uvn *-^1-'^ vi 1 . ,
japan is being developed which consists of an ! "orI? emPlre and brought UP a9 a
J 1 Roman girl.
emulsion of the asphalt base with water, thus re-
moving the fire hazard, besides being much clean-1 Vinlclus was speaking to his uncle
er to handle. This process is called water japan. j Petronius, known to his own time as
Ovens are used for many other purposes; steri-1 Obiter Elegantiarum, trained in all
lizing dental instruments, baking effervescent i ar,: nnc' beauty of Greece, wise,
salts and drying all sorts of products reqnir-1 w'tty, and learned, gayly staking his
ing well-regulated heat and a clean atmosphere j "'e 'n ^'3 daily battle of wits with
in the oven itself. The fact that their tempera- j Tigellinus, who provided for the gross-
tures can be so exactly regulated, the absence of ?r desires of the tyrant Nero as Pe-
a mass of fuel-carrying pipes, fumes, soot, and tronius did for hi? finer and more
other by-products of burning gases, make the
electric oven theoretically ideal for this purpose.
The fourth process mentioned, electric sherard-
izing, is a patented process for protecting exposed
Iron parts from corrosion due to exposure to the
weather.
Besides ovens, furnaces, and other devices men-
tioned, there are a number of small "individual"
electrically-heated pots, furnaces, etc., for use in
the shop, garage, or even at home. In this class
are compound melting pots. gl.ue pots, metal melt-
ers, small furnaces and electric soldering Irons.
Many of them are easily portable, in fact
can be attached to almost any lighting or shop
circuit. For work in a book hinrjery or pattern
shop for instance, the electrically-heni. d pot keeps
the glue continuously at just the right tempera-
ture for use, but never burns It; the same may
be said of the compound melting pot and the lead
or babbitt melter, which are ideal for work around
a garage or in a factory. As for the soldering
Iron, anyone who has used the gas-heated type on
top of a ladder or in some inaccessible place, need
not be told the advantages of an iron that. Is al-
ways hot and still light and well balanced enough
to be used with accuracy and comfort
In spite of its growth in the last few years,
the application of electrical heating to industry
is only in its infancy. The time will undoubtedly
come when the effort to conserve our natural coal
and gas resources will cause it to assume much
larger proportions. There is generally no limit
to Its possibilities of development not only as
applied to factories, but in offices and homes. En-
gineers say that the saving of floor space, cleaner
and more healthful working conditions, to say
nothing of the improved speed of production and
superior guality of work done, all tend to make
Its universal adoption but a matter of time—.
tnd comparatively short m«
artistic ones.
It was a time when the conflicting
tides of a pagan age, sadly degenerate
from the sturdy days of pristine Roman
virtues, mingled with those of a new
era in the world, only recently herald-
ed from Judea. In the complicated
threads of the picture of Rome, cap-
ital of the world, appear the figures of
Peter and Paul on their mission of
spreading the new religion of Christ;
I'oppaea, wife of Nero, beautiful as a
dream, but wicked as a nightmare;
Eunice, the charming slave of Petro-
nius; Chilo, wily Greek who can be
Christian or pagan as profit leads him;
Ursus, prodigious in his strength, sim-
ple as a child in his faith in Christ
and his devotion to Lygia (from whom
G. B. S. may have drawn a sugges-
tion in "Androcles and the Lion"), and
many minor folk who help to make the
story stand out as unusually human
among the numerous tales of Greco-
Roman times.
When Vinicins told his uncle Petro-
nius of his passion for Lygia, the lat-
ter thought nothing was easier than
to provide his nephew with what he
regarded as a new plaything; a word
to Nero, who as emperor had all hos-
tages In his care—summon the maiden
to the palace, hahd her over to the
young patrician as her guardian—what
more could be needed to satisfy any
one's desires, especially as the maiden
manifestly was pleased with VInlcius?
But Petronlus and his nephew reck-
oned without a new force that bad en-
tered Into this Roman world. They
could not understand a girl who fled
from Nero's court and all its magnifi-
cence, fled even from the lover whom
she loved. But "finally he understood
this, which he and Petronlus had not
understood, that the new religion, en-
grafted into the soul something un-
known to that world In which he lived,
and that Lygia, even If she loved him,
would not sacrifice any of her Chris-
tian truths for his sake, and that, if
pleasure existed for her, It was a
pleasure different altogether from that
which he and Petronlus and Caesar's
court, and all Rome were pursuing.
Every other woman whom he knew
j might become his mistress, but that
| Christian would only become his vic-
tim. And when he thought of this, he
felt anger and burning pain, for he felt
that his anger was powerless. To
carry olf Lygia seemed to hira possi-
ble; he was even sure that he could
do so, but he was equally sure that, In
view of her religion, he himself, with
his bravery, was nothing, that his pow-
er was nothing, and that through it he
could effect nothing. That Roman
military tribune, convinced that the
power of the sword and the fist, which
had conquered the world, would com-
mand It forever, said for the first time
In his life that beyond that power
there might be something else; hence
he asked himself with amazement what
it wps."
It is a definite and concrete way that
the author has chosen to show the
power of the new religion over human
lives. Struggle as he would, backed
by birth, by wealth and all the beauty,
charm and allurements that wealth
could bring, by the ingenuity and wit
of Petronlus, by the strong-arm meth-
ods of Croton, champion bruiser of
his time, even by the force of the-
known world in Nero's sway, VInlcius
could accomplish nothing If all he
could win to himself was a mere un-
willing body, while soul and spirit
were beyond his grasp. And the mad-
dening part to him was that he owed
all his troubles to the teachings of a
parcel of Jewish fishermen or their
likes, or slaves or humble folk who
had never before entered Into serious
consideration In the thoughts of a pa-
trician like himself. It was a long
struggle with him, and as the reader
follows the various people of the story
through their part in the action, he
gets an 'admirable picture of Rome—
Nero, tyrant, actor and artist, with all
his magnificence and all his debauch-
eries; the poor and humble In their
crowded quarters of the great city;
the delight of all the senses in the life
led by Petronlus; the lawless streets
of Rome by night; the pursuit of Lygia
by VInlcius and his hirelings, result-
ing In the death of his professional
bruiser Croton at the hands of the
falthfui Ursus, and the disaster to
Vinlclus which led to his nursing back
to health by the Christians; his meet-
ing with Peter and Paul; the gradual
opening of his eyes, physical and spir-
itual ; his discovery of Christians
everywhere, among the people, among
his own slaves, among soldiers and offi-
cers, even In the very court of Nero.
And the growing worry and astonish-
ment of Petronlus:
"•VInlcius, thou art losing sense,
judgment, moderation,' exclaimed Pe-
tronius.
"'I love only her In the world,' re-
sponded Vinlclus.
" 'What of that?'
'"This, that I wish no other love.
I have no wish for your life, your
feasts, your shamelessness, your
crimes.'
" 'What Is taking place In thee? Art
thou a Christian?'"
And then the great fire of Rome,
set by Tigelllnus that Nero might not
lack the experience of Priam, who had
seen Troy burn; of rescuing Lygia
from the flames; the persecution of the
Christians with the thought of throw-
ing on them the rage of the people
at the burning of the city; the
singling out of Lygia by the hate of
I'oppaea because Vinlclus had spurned
the empress' proffered charms; the
final rescue by a miracle of strength
on the part of the ever-faithful Ursus,
and the words of Vinlclus to Peter:
" 'What thou commandest I will
do.'
"'Love men as thy own brothers,'
answered the apostle, 'for only with
love mayest thou serve Him.'"
Copyright 1919, by the Post Publishing Co.
(The Boston Post). Printed by permis-
sion of, and arrangement with, Little,
Brown & Co., authorized publishers.
BROOMS FROM PINE NEEDLES
Said to Be an Excellent Substitute for
the Bristles Now Used, and Will
Last Longer.
One of the latest discoveries la a
new use for pine needles. It has been
found that the needles of the pine
make a fair substitute for bristles In
brushes and brooms. They are found
In great quantities on the ground in
fir forests, and, owing to the large
amount of silica In them, they are
hard, and do not decay rapidly.
The pine needles are dealt with In
two ways. Where they are long they
are simply bunched together and tied
firmly, and a stick is pushed down the
center as a handle.
The other plan is to Insert clusters
of smaller needles In holes In a thlck-
lsh piece of wood. These holes are
filled with hot pitch, and when this
material has set hard and dry the pine
needles are held firmly in place.
Elaborate tests have shown that
pine needles wear well. They are not
more easily broken .than much of the
material which has been commonly
used In broom-making, and, owing to
their hardness, they can withstand «
great deal of friction.
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Dunjee, Roscoe. The Black Dispatch (Oklahoma City, Okla.), Vol. 5, No. 23, Ed. 1 Friday, April 23, 1920, newspaper, April 23, 1920; (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc152232/m1/6/: accessed July 18, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.