The Hennessey Clipper. (Hennessey, Okla.), Vol. 15, No. 2, Ed. 1 Thursday, June 9, 1904 Page: 2 of 8
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m v ■ $
rtoLLAN§
t
Ada state
about 20,iXM) acres.
Norman county. Minn This ditch is V/j miles long and drains
BROAD open valley, contain-
ing over two and a half mil-
lion acres of fertile soil; a
good climate; ample rail-
road facilities, naturally
competing routes to both
oceans for its grain and Htock
products; an intelligent, industrious
people. What more could the gods
liave bestowed upon the Red River
valley to make it the ideal agricul-
tural section of the central north-
west?
Yet but a fraction of its area produces
convention was called at Crookston to
formulate a plan of action. Delegates
from nearly all the Red River valley
counties were present. It was decided
that an accurate topographic survey was
the first thing needed, and $10,000 was
subscribed by the counties to prosecute
this work. President James J. Hill
contributed a like sum for this part of
the work.
The survey was made and an exhaus-
tive report was submitted, which estab-
lished fully the feasibility of the gen-
eral drainage plan.
other than a bountiful crop of chtrcu j After several Ineffectual attempts the
grass, which passes back to the elements legislature of 189:5 passed a bill creating
each year, either in the form of smoke ■ the Red River valley drainage com-
to the air or of mold to the soil. | mission and appropriated $100,000 with
Such were the conditions and facts which to begin the work.
obtaining ten years ago in this bit of To date about $300,000 has been ex-
"Holland of America." j pended in this work, the Great North-
But why this seeming disregard ofnn- ern railroad having contributed $25,000
ture's bounties? A visit to this of this amount.
famous valley at the time of the pass- j About 150 miles of main ditch have
lng of the winter's snow or after a se- ; been dug.
vere summer rain will guide one to an This work has been done with re-
explanation i markable foresight and economy, due
At such times instead of broad, dry j largely to the tireless efforts of its presl-
acres one sees vast sheets of water and dent, Mr. Ezra G. Valentine, of Bp* f ken-
ridge. m
Gov. Nelson, an ex-officio member of
the commission, took an active inter-
est in the work and personally inspected
many of the ditches botli during con-
struction and after completion.
The ditches are from three to fourteen
miles in length and vary in size from
four feet deep and ten feet wide to eight
feet deep and forty feet wide.
In cost they varied from $5,000 to
$25,000.
The ditches are the joint property of
the state and county in which they are
located. The county must make such
repairs as recommended by the state
board of inspection.
The system as a whole is working
with great satisfaction, and the wide-
spread system of land drainage both
county and private now being prose-
cuted throughout the valley furnishes
abundant proof of the faith of the peo-
ple in drainage.
The legislature in 1S97 passed an act
authorizing the organization of what
are known as sub-drainage districts.
This permits the farmers whose land
can be drained by one main ditch to or-
ganize and proceed to survey, construct
the
mmm
Nordic ditch, Wilkin county.
miles long and drains 10,000 acres.
the high turnpiked roads are but strips
o 1 dirt between the canals.
The annual rainfall for this region
ts about 27 inches and does not differ
much from that of other parts of Min-
nesota. It is not that they have too
much rainfall, but that the excess
moisture which finds freedom in small
streams and rivers in other
.ions and pay for the ditch and divide ....
of the state, in this flat region, remains 1 ()j- ditch equitably among the
where it tails from lack of a natural benefited landowners
slope ot the ground to start it down ; f0 fln(j (0 what extent this law had
a coulee or valley. | bPPn taken advantage of a canvass has
As In Holland they must construct
canals to carry off excess storm water i complete, shows that the following
recently been made which, though not
counties have engaged in drainage work
under this law: Douglass, I^e Scuer.
Kittson. Kennebec. Martin. Cottonwood
which must be pumped up into canals,
as the country is too flat to create
or keep ojcii natural channels, so
in the Red River valley man has been
obliged to supply a similar outlet for
surplus storm water. And to carry the
analogy still further, as in Holland
they must combat the sea as well and
build great dikes to keep it from over-
flowing their lands, so the Red river
at times of extreme floods becomes al-
most an inland sea flvp to ten miles
wide—before which the early settlers
must flee for lack of the well-built dikt s
furnishing security to the Hollander.
In most parts of the country the nat-
ural slope of the land is from ten to
twenty feet per mile In this valley the
general slope toward the west to the
Red river the natural and only outlet
for storm water is from two to four
feet to the mile. This is not suf-
ficient to maintain a natural water
course, with its usual bends, to say noth-
ing of originally making such. A few
wend their way across this flat area.
btit with such a slow flow that at times
of heavy rains they become more like
lakes than rivers
The first attempt to lessen the dam-
age from insufficient natural drainage
was made about 1879. These were small
ditches made by the Great Northern
railroad and large land owners with the
hope of freeing their lands of this sur-
plus water
Forty to fifty of these ditches were
dug from one to five miles in length each
While these pioneer ditches did not ful-
fill the main object for which they were
dug—their small size and Inadequate
outlet being their chief faults yet they
proved to fite settlers what might be
accomplished with more money, coupled
with engineering skill.
The first concerted move toward a lng to realize that drainage is amoD'
solution was made in July, 1880, wheu a I the great benefits.
u mil. -
nd h
<J00 acrt
Hubbard, Hennepin. Todd. Faribault
! MeLeod, Norman. Wilkin. Swift. Ben-
ton and Polk. These 16 counties havf
| constructed 112 ditches with a total
length of 7S4 miles at a cost of $890,000
These ditches bring positive benefit!
to over 1 300,000 ai res of land.
During the coming season 12 coun-
ties are to construct 35 more ditches
aggregating about 175 miles These
w ill cost about a quarter of a mill lor
dollars. The people do not tax them
selves voluntarily for Improvement!
o not improve, and they are com
History Repeated in Fashions
N TAKING a general sur-
vey of fashion, we see how
history repeats itself, ami
what famous historical
epochs are represented in
the fashions of 1904! We
are wearing Medicis collars and Kllz
abet ban sleeves and embroideries,
and Marie Stuart coifs, and we are
adopting every style peculiar to tho
days of the Louis, iu coloring, tex
ture, and design.
Pompadour muslins are the rage of
the hour. Chine, brocades, beautifully
colored heavy satins, quaint old-world
past el embroideries, the Marquise hat
in Leghorn, with its wreaths of Pom-
padour roses, the quaintly beautiful
Directoire and Louis XV. coats, and
brocaded waistcoats figure largely
among the season's fashions.
Then we have the seventeenth and
eighteenth century brocades and taf
fetas, not to speak of the Marie An-
toinette skirts and bads, the Joseph-
ine or Empire frock, with its bolero
effects and gorgeous trimmings. Ob-
serve in the fashions of today tlie
amount of gold galon and quaint old
taffeta trimming used, and how faith-
fully the pelerine of the Josephine
period has been produced in velvet
and silk, though this is now giving
place to the Early Victorian fichu ef
(ects.
Charming is the revival of taffeta,
plain, spotted, striped, check, and
;hangeant in the old-fashioned browns
ind greys of that period which fol-
lowed, in disapproving contrast, the
•jrilllant rose du Barry and Louis
XV. blue. To-day we are without
prejudice where color Is concerned.
I Nothing is too gorgeous for us, noth-
ing is too simple, and thus we see
brilliant shades side by side with
subdued Quaker tones.
It is not surprising that dress to-
day is beautiful, for the wonderful
colorings and lovely embroideries of
j the Far East are manipulated with
the ingenuity and lightness of touch
, peculiar to the Western nations; chic
and smartness we have at home, and
superior intellects have culled won
; drous designs from the old-world
| masters. The Italian school is also
playing a part with its trimmings
and enamels.
You may wear gowns of silk or
serge, linen or muslin, but the skirt
of the evening frock and the toilette
de reception must be long, full, and
flowing. Walking skirts, on the other
hand, are plain at the top, full at the
feet, and clear the ground all round.
Kid and suede belts are de rigueur
with tailor-made gowns, while on
smarter occasions we wear soft Ori-
ental satin and taffeta pointed bands
and sashes.
Long stoles and fichus of marabout,
and ostrich feather are worn, some of
the latter being shaggy-looking and
uncurled. Then we also see fichus of
lace point d'esprit adorned with cu-
rious taffeta trimmings, some of the
best summer dresses will be made of
taffeta. In this fabric particularly
there is a decided fancy for pale pink
as well as for the stronger strawberry
and raspberry shades. Brown will
not go out of fahlon, but will get paler
and paler until it dissolves into yel
low. Pale green, too, of a rather un
becoming olive shade, is popular.
ELLEN OSMONDE.
MILLINERY MODES of PARIS
m
ARIS- Dear to the heart
of every woman of fash-
ion is the variety in new
hats and parasols, the
majority of which are
very becoming. There are
iat shapes and high ones, shapes
worn over the face, others tilted back,
the long, the narrow, the wide, the
square, and the round, in fact, every
possible shape, every known color, all
periods of history, and fantastic mod-
ern ideas, are all represented on the
head. Our elegantes can wear almost j
any shape and make it look as if it !
is peculiarly theirs by right.
There was a fear in the early part
of the season that the veil or lace
drapery and the general effect of t he
echarpe would soon be demode on
account of their overwhelming popu
larity. As a matter of fact this is '
not the case, for quite beautiful are
the specimens of black and white
Chant illy veils now worn, and if these ;
give place to the lighter effects in i
tulle and lace we cannot say they
have disappeared abruptly.
The 1830 hat, with strings, is still
worn, but not very many of these (
are to be seen, though there are some
pretty specimens in simple Leghorn ,
sun-bonnets, trimmed with wreaths of
flowers and narrow black velvet j
strings.
A great deal of fru.t is being used j
on all kinds of hats, and especially j
on the Breton shapes. Some of the
smartest show apples, cherries, cur-
rants. and grapes, placed without any
meaning wnatever, but with extremely
stylish effect.
On almost every light hat we no-
tice a touch of black, and where It is
possible the inner brim is of black.
Many tan shapes are lined with black,
and those for morning and country
wear show high elongated crowns
with bands f blac^ moire ribbon,
two or three black wings being the
sole trimming.
Some picturesque hats are In chip,
the crowns coverei. with currants or
rosea, oiube Ided on puffed tulle,
which fabric also forms thick ruches-
round many of the crowns of hats.
Sometimes these fruit crowns are
rather hard, and a little heavy. I
must say I like the scarf-like drapery
of lace to soften the brim.
Fancy crinolines are used, trimmed
with ruches of tiny pink roses and
green leaves.
The Breton sailor is revived in all
possible shades, and there is a liking
for the Toreador worn as a toque
straight over the face instead of being
tilted up at the side.
Blue in every shade Is to be seen,
from the palest clel trimmed with
long feathers and a veil of the same
shade to the practical Breton sailor
in navy with wreaths of cornflowers
or bands of velvet ribbon and orna
ments.
The dark blue lace or net veil has
became as much a feature as that in
brown or black. Shaded gauze and
chiffon veils are also worn; in fact,
the changeant effect is everywhere
noticeable, in the veil, in flowers, in
feather boas, and last but not least
in taffetas and chiffons.
Paris fashions are truly delightful
and nothing is a more striking ex-
ample of the luxuriousness and gor
geousness of toilettes than the para-
sols that accompany them. The ordi-
nary en-tout cas is. in itself, despite
its simplicity, extremely costly. The
long Pompadour handle is generally
surmounted by crystal, enamel, oi
jewels. The covers are mostly in one
color with a deep border of contract-
ing shade. Grass-lawn and muslin
are often used as a border for the
taffeta parasol. Then we have the
most glorious examples of these com
posed of gauged chiffon trimmed wltl
festoons of chenille, ruches and beau
tiful Chantilly lace Some show i
silk fringe, plaited heavily, whll*
very delicate are those made o
painted chiffon inserted with fine lace
Some of these parasols are of th
most gorgeous colors; others are b
plainest white and black: but all ar
Indicative of costliness
ANNETTE QIVKT.
Saving Niagara
OV. ODELL of New York, by
hisvetoof the Niagara power
bill, has made some enemies
and more friends. From all
over the union protests have
poured in against the fur-
ther disfiguration of Niagara's wonder-
ful beauty for commercial purposes.
And due heed has been given to the
protests; Niagara is not to be turned
over to the devastators. It is hoped our
country may long continue to regard as
one of the noblest of her many shrines
of natural beauty the wonderland of I
Niagara. %
Years ago agitation was employed to-
wards the preservation of Niagara, but
It is said the honor belongs to a couple
of Scotchmen of making the first real
suggestion that the place be carefully
protected. After a visit to America,
these words of theirs were published:
"Niagara does not belong to Canada or
America. Such a spot should be deemed
the property of civilized mankind, and
nothing should be allowed to weaken
this efficacy on the tastes, the morals
ind enjoyment of men/'
The Niagara region is a territory of
no great extent, but famed the world
around for the grandeur of its falls, the
toyeliness of the surrounding country,
and its preservation is certainly a ques-
tion of national, if not of international
concern. And the historical associa-
tions tend added interest to the pres-
ervation of innumerable landmarks
about Niagara. Here it was the red
men held their councils. Here, at an
early date, the daring French traders
penetrated, and there is proof that the
intrepid French missionaries crossed
the Niagara river in the days of the mis-
sionary zeal of France. For the four-
score years the French bad dominion
In America, they considered the Niagara
region a most important portion of their
domain.
Among the noted names connected
with France's enterprise in this local-
ity is that of Jacques Cartier. and in an
account of Cartier's second voyage to
the St. Lawrence is presented the first
reference to the Great Lakes country
and the wonderful cataract now known
is Niagara. In Champlain's "Des Sav-
ages." published in 1603. mention is
made of a waterfall and river, doubtless
Niagara Falls and river; and in his
"Voyages" the same explorer tells of a
*ery high waterfall at the end of Lake
St Louis (Ontario), "where many kinds
of fish are stunned in the descent." It
is thought Brule. Champlain's inter-
preter. may have been the first white
man really to look upon the falls. In
1H26. a Franciscan priest traveled on
the Niagara river, and 14 years later two
Jesuit fathers crossed and recrossed the
stream. In the "Jesuit Relations" report
is given of work with the Indian nation
"Onguiaahra, having the same name as
the river."
In 1657. the location of the falls and
lakes was correctly made in Sanson's
map of Canada, the falls being called the
"Onglarra Kails." In 1669 La Salle and
Rene Gallinee traveled to the west end
of Lake Ontario, and Gallinee's journal
gives an account of Niagara as described
to him by the Indians; speaks of the fact
that "the river falls at that place from
i rock higher than the tallest pines."
Father Hennepin saw the wonderful
jlace for himself, in 1678, and his report
jf its beauty was widely read in Europe,
lis books on the new world being trans-
ited into many languages. Father
hennepin was the first to use the pres-
iiit spelling of Niagara. The word has
>een variously interpreted; "thunder
f the waters" seems very fitting if not
iccurate.
Fort Niagara was the last of the im-
tortant posts held by the French in their
lystem of fortifications connecting
jouisiana and their possessions in east-
ern Canada; and this presently fell tin-
ier the grasp of the conquering English.
The English then made pow-wow with
.he Indian inhabitants of the land, had
;helr acquisition ratified by the natives;
Sir William Johnson, in 1764. at Fort
Niagara assembling 2,000 Indian war-
riors of the region, and having ceded to
him. for his sovereign, a strip of land
four miles wide on each bank of the
Niagara river, and also acquiring at this
time all the Islands in the river. Not
for long, however, did the English con-
tinue in possession, for their title to
things In America was presently weak-
ened by the American revolution.
Within 20 years after her procuration
of the territory. England was forced to
give up one-half the lands bordering on
4he Niagara river- counting the islands,
more than one-half, but it was not until
1816 it was absolutely conceded that
most of the Islands In the Niagara river
belonged to the United States.
During the war of 1812 the Niagara
frontier was in the heart of the border
warfare. Lew is ton, Fort George, New-
ark, Fort Niagara, Buffalo, all suffered
from British attacks. The battle of
Bridgewater (sometimes called battle
of Niagara Falls, and also designated
battle of Lundy's Lane) was fought with-
in sight and sound of the Falls, and at
Fort Erie the Americans made the sortie
that saved Buffalo and western New
York from further British invasion.
As is well known. Niagara for some
time past has been of quite other than
scenic and historic value. Among the
countless visitors to Niagara In the last
100 years there were many that con-
cocted schemes for the "chaining of
Niagara," the putting to practical use
a portion of the great water power. The
Falls representing 7,000,000 horse pow-
er. manufacturers considered it a sin-
ful waste not to utilize the wealth here
to be had so freely; and. little by little,
progress was made in the way of ob-
taining rights and privileges.
In 1842 there was proposed by a Niag-
ara man a considerable extension of the
system of canals and races then in use,
and finally arrangements were com-
pleted for the construction of a canal
by which water of the upper Niagara
river should be brought to a reservoir
at the high bluff of the lower river On
the edge of the basin various mills were
erected, the water conducted to their
wheels by means of short tunnels. In
1870 the canal became the property of
the Niagara Falls Hydraulic and Manu-
facturing company, which leased water
privileges to several tenants; and be-
fore long quite a manufacturing colony
grew up about the picturesque gorge.
In 1886 more land was secured by the
company, and in 1892 work was begun
on the enlargement of its canal. A pulp
mill and power house are comparatively
recent additions to this industrial Niag-
ara.
The other huge enterprise engaged in
furnishing Niagara power, the Niagara
Power company, is a more recent organ-
ization. In 1886 several citizens of Niag-
ara obtained a charter from the legis-
lature giving them the right to utilize
for manufacturing purposes part of the
water of the river; but the plan of this
company was founded on such an enor-
mous scale that much time and caution
were necessary for bringing the work
to satisfactory completion. After much
conference and study it was decided to
establish an international Niagara com-
mission, with power to offer $22,000 in
prizes for the most excellent plans for
the purpose required; thus obtaining
for the construction the best talent the
world had to give. In the fall of 1890
ground was broken for the tunnel, and
in two years the work was completed.
From the above brief presentation ot
the two sides of the Niagara question
one perhaps may get some small idea
of the difficulties that beset New York's
governor when called upon to decide the
future of Niagara.
Loftiest Lakes in the World.
The most lofty lakes are found
among the Himalaya mountains in
Thibet. Their altitudes do not, how-
ever, seem to have been very accurate-
ly gauged, for different authorities
give widely different figures regarding
them. According to some, Lake
Manasarowar, one of the sacred lakes
of Thibet, is between 19,000 and 20,-
000 feet above the level of the sea. and
if this is so it is undoubtedly the lofti-
est in the world. Two other Thibetan
lakes, those of Chatamoo and Surakol.
are said to be 17,000 and 15,400 feet in
altitude respectively. For a long time
it was supposed that Lake Titlcaca,
in South America, was the loftiest in
the world. It covers about 4,500 square
miles, is 924 feet in its greatest depth
and is 12,000 feet above the sea. In
spite of inexactitude with regard to
the measurements of the elevation ot
the Thibetan lakes they are no doubt
considerably higher than this or any
other.—Baltimore Herald.
Appearance of a Glacier.
An immense snow-field, about d
quarter of a mile in width, extended
to the top of the mountain, a thousand
feet above. Its whole extent was cov-
ered with grooves, markings and
cracks. A little lake, formed by the
melting of the snow and ice above,
nestled at the foot of the ice-field, its
waters imprisoned by the great dike.
This lake was partially frozen over,
and in the occasional open spaces large
blocks of ice were floating round.
Moved by the force of the wind, they
grounded upon rocks or firmer ice un-
derneath, then were lifted up with a
groaning and creaking, varied by sud-
den splashes, as large fragments broke
off and fell into the water. The lower
edge of the Ice and snow projected
over the water, rounded off in beauti-
ful combings and rolls, apparently
about to drop oft Into the lake.—SV
Nicholas.
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The Hennessey Clipper. (Hennessey, Okla.), Vol. 15, No. 2, Ed. 1 Thursday, June 9, 1904, newspaper, June 9, 1904; Hennessey, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc105297/m1/2/: accessed July 18, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.