The Daily Transcript (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 3, No. 96, Ed. 1 Tuesday, October 19, 1915 Page: 2 of 4
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NORMAN DAILY TRANSCRIPT
&W
m
BLISS
TOIL dnd
TYPANNY.
(Copyright. 1916. by Fallie Kxcliangc. Inc. All Moving Picture Rights and all For-
eign Copyrights Strictly Reserved.)
The ugly smile was still on Jake'R
face when he left the prH'ate office
and on the steps of the building he
paused for a moment, spat on his
hands and squared his shoulders, as
if enjoying the prospect of trouble
that he scented. ,
And, like most of those who look
for trouble, Snyder found it. He had
hardly left the docks to answer Pow-
ers' summons when Karl Hurd, deli-
cate of face and hardly strong enough
for the work ho had been forced to
accept, staggered back, dropped the
picce of lumber he was handling and
almost sank to the ground from sheer
weariness. Too much work and not
enough food was slowly killing him,
and only the thought of his wife and
daughter gave him strength enough to
keep up.
Several of his fellow laborers came
towards him and offered to help him.
They talked with discontent over con-
ditions that forced them to submit to
the treatment that Jake and Powers
meted out.
At a low warning shout from one
of their number, all jumped to their
places and were busy at work when
Jake came around the corner of the
nearest lumber pile—that is, all but
Hurd.
"Here you, get to work and cut out
that soldiering," yelled Snyder as he
bounded across the low pile In Hurd's
direction.
Get to work now, not next week,"
he added as Hurd was slow in re-
sponding, emphasizing the words with
a vicious kick.
Sudden, swift passion seized Hurd,
and careless of all consequences—
thoughtless ns to what the future
might hold for him—he lunged fierce-
ly at his foreman, and struck him
squarely between the eyes. His was
the strength of desperation and the
blow sent Jake reeling against the
lumber pile.
The startled shout—half of amaze-
ment and half of approval—which
greeted Hurd's action, as much as
the sudden impact of doubled fist
against human tlesli, brought him
quickly to his Benses, and he stood
for a moment staring at his dazed
persecutor as the realization of what
lie had done was slowly impressing
Itself upon him.
And then fear seized him, and turn-
ing on his heel ho fled—fled as if
a thousand demons were after him—
fled blindly up one lumber yard alley
and down the other with the enraged
Snyder, who had quickly recovered,
dashing madly after him.
"Stop or I fire," yelled Jake, and
then his revolver spoke—not once
but three times in rapid succession,
the vicious fire and the snipping bul-
lets adding to the pandemonium that
reigned in the lumber yard.
But Hurd fled blindly on.
Stumbling, plunging, falling and
rising again, he raced across the
TWELFTH STORY
PROLOGUE.
With wildly shrieking horn disturb-
ing the very solitudes of the distant
hills, and with (tale and terror
stricken chauffeur bending over the
wheel, the limousine of David Pow
ers, millionaire lumber king, tore
through the granite gateway of his
beautiful residence and dashed madly
along the shrub-bordered driveway
toward the marble porch.
Powers himself—tyrant boss of a
thousand underfed workmen—was
on the steps. Anxiety was betrayed
by every line of his working features.
Perry Travis, his legal adviser, was
with him, and as the machine came
to a sudden stop before them, its
grinding wheels sending up a shower
of fine stone and gravel. Powers was
seen to pause and turn an instant
toward the younger man as if for
support.
He had heard the piercing, clank-
ing notes of the horn long before the
machine was in sight. He knew the
temper of his men. He realized that
his affairs were approaching a crisis.
And he was afraid—afraid with the
pitiful fear which comes over strong
men when they realize that the con-
fronting danger is of their own crea-
tion.
With trembling limbs the chauffeur
climbed from his seat and averted his
fear distended eyes, as with unsteady
hand he pointed to the broken window-
pane in the door of the handsome ma-
chine. The small round hole, with its
pattern of radiating cracks, like a
Berried and shattered mirror, told its
own story. Nothing but a bullet could
have made a break like that.
Mastering his own emotion with su-
preme effort, Powers stepped toward
the machine, and with firm hand—for
his was a will of iron—he opened the
door. From out of the luxurious in-
terior he lifted the inert body of his
beautiful daughter and pressed her to
his bosom—a bosom that was racked
and torn with partly stifled sobs.
Cently—gently ns when she had
been an infant some twenty years
ago—ho carried her into the house
and tenderly—oh, -so tenderly he
placed her on a divan
David Powers sank on one knee bo-
Bide the cot, and then slowly his body
seemed tc shrivel and sag, much like
a half-filled bag of meal, as with a
completo surrender to grief he threw
himself prone upon the floor and utter-
ed the single word,
"Dead."
Travis stood silently beside the
stricken father, unable to think or
move. The young woman who lay
there a victim to the wickedness that
the tyranny of her father had stirred
In the breasts of his workmen, had
been his fiancee, and his sorrow was
but little less than that of the ago-
nized parent.
I.
David Powers was known as the
man who never smiled during busi-
ness hours. He was known as the
man whose employees all feared him
He was known, too, as one of the most
successful lumbermen in the business
on the Pacific coast and all who
knew him envied him. Stern, domi-
neering, and with a genius for organi
nation, he could get more work out
j'f less men for smaller wages than
ny man In the state of California—
that is, more than any man except
one. And the man who excelled him
as a driver of men. the man who
c.ould extract one more ounce of labor
for one tithe less of wages was Jake
Snyder, the chief foreman, pugnacious,
hard as nails, flinty-hearted and en-
tirely without sentiment
I Jake made an ideal driver for so
exacting a boss as Powers. Watch
him bow on this morning several
weeks before the shooting of Laura
Powers. Watch him as he talks
utuong the men there on the dock
end on the boat Note the feverish
anxiety with which the men bend to
their tasks when he glowers in their
direction.
Powers had just driven up to his
office In his high-powered six and had
aent to Juke.
The millionaire was looking over the
market column of the morning paper
when tils foreman entered and he
never lifted his eyes from the absorb-
ing sheet until the field commander
had drawn Ills chair up close to his
employer's desk.
There was no word of greeting be-
tween the men.
Pointing a pudgy finger first at the
newspaper and then at the nose of his
foreman, the millionaire spoke tersely
•ud harshly:
"Lumber's high in the East, Jake.
Drive your men to the limit and get
that shipment east while prices hold
up."
There was a grim cruelty in Jake's
eyes and Just a tinge of a smile on 111 I
firm, thin lips as he answered
"They're pretty near the limit now.
but 1 guess we can speed 'em up a
•jit ' I
Ml
er
"They're Pretty Near the Limit Now,"
Said Jake, "but We'll Speed 'Em Up
a Bit."
rough, uneven ground, and reached
the railroad tracks just as the inter-
Urban trolley bound for Sail Pedro
whirred into view. With his last re-
maining ounce of strength, he made
a uesperate spurt and flung himself
headlong on to the front platform of
the rushing trolley. That he escaped
death beneath the wheels was a mir-
acle.
For just an instant Hurd lay prone
upon the platform and then slowly
drew himself up to a standing posi-
tion. He was too relieved at his
escape from immediate danger to
give much thought to the fact that
his job was probably gone—that he
was out of employment. That a
realization of his full plight would
have come to him soon is possible,
had not a sudden commotion In the
Interior of the car attracted his at-
tention. Glancing through the glass
door, lie noticed Jake, the smoking
revolver still in his hand, advancing
along the center aisle of the car. His
face was working angrily and every
line of his ugly countenance cried out
for revenge. He had been close upon
Hurd's heels in the mad race and a
duplicate of the wild lunge that
landed Hurd on the front platform
had catapulted him on to the back
one.
The Powers lumber yard lay in low
ground Just east of the trolley right
of way, and at the i:s (tint that Hurd,
glancing into tliu interior of the car,
saw his pursuer ad/ancing upon him,
the car was swiftIv moving onto a
' trestle that carried the trolley high
Into the air, over the lumber yard,
and on toward the city.
It was a time for quick action, and
Hurd was equal to the emergency.
With a new strength born of his mo-
mentary respite, Karl gathered him-
self together for a spring, and mur-
muring a prayer for safety, he hurled
himself fiercely from the swiftly
moving trolley and landed on top of
a towering lumber pile. As he lay
winded and panting on top of the
rude skyscraper, he saw Jake car-
ried swiftly past him on the dashing
trolley, shaking his fist at his escaped
quarry in Impotent rage
Slowly, his fingers gripping des^
perately at the projecting boards, his
feet unsteady and his head swim
ming, Hurd climbed down the side
of the lumber pile that had been his
temporary haven. It seemed ages
before he reached the ground.
And then he came face to face with
Snyder.
Like wild beasts the men glared at
each other.
Slowly, cautiously they approached
Snyder's attitude was eager, expect-
ant, Hurd's was desperate. Snyder
swung his rude weapon easily, hold-
ing It ready. Hurd's fists were
doubled. The two men closed.
Snyder, his intended blow blocked
for the moment, found himself borne
backward by tho fierce rush of the
other. He struggled with a determina-
tion worthy of a better cause. And
his superior strength soon told.
Straining and panting he slowly
forced Hurd to release his grip. and.
shoving his opponent from him, he
suddenly, with the swiftness of a man
ttained to such warfare, raised his
club and sent it crashing down upon
the skull of the underfed and poorly
nourished stevedore.
Hurd dropped like a stone. Ho was
done.
II.
"Wait until my birthday, Perry—It's
only four months—and then per-
haps—"
Laura Powers had gently withdrawn
her soft white hand from the more
masculine ones of Perry Travis and
had gazed dreamily out across the
well trimmed lawns and beautiful gar-
dens
She was happy and pampered and
indulged She had reveled In a fathor's
love—a love that amounted almost to
worship. And now she knew that she
had gained another man's love — the
love of a man who was worthy and
had her father's approval.
Small wonder that the days had
flown swiftly Small wonder that time
had taken unto itself wings And now
her birthdav was here. Already the
guests were assembling Already Per
ry was at the house, eager and impa-
tient for his answer. And even yet
Laura sometimes wondered just what
that answer would be.
And Laura, while entering into the
gayetv about her, yet found her mind
frequently wandering away from her
surroundings; found herself constant-
ly trying to concentrate on the answer
she was so soon to give Perry.
And then he came to greet her. Long
and fondly he gazed into her eyes and
unconscious of her surroundings she
let him hold her hand longer than
was strictly necessary,
Quietly her father stepped up to
where they stood.
"Friends," he said, "I wish to an-
nounce the engagement of my daugh-
ter Laura to Perry Travis."
The confused laugh and the pretty
blushes that mantled her cheek, chas-
ing themselves in telltale profusion up
to the very roots of her wavy hair,
were enough to tell those present that
her father's words had not displeased
her Perry had his answer.
Just then, as if the fates were loth
that happiness should reign supreme,
there came an interruption While the
giiests were crowding up and about
I .aura, the women kissing her and the
men showering congratulations upon
her. the servants were trying to keep
a committee of workmen from enter-
ing at the gate.
Tim Shand was at their head—Tim
the fiery—Tim the eloquent. For
weeks now the rnPn had been on
strike. For weeks there had been tur-
moil and strife. For weeks there had
been starvation in the homes of the
strikers and destitution among the
children of the workingmen. Ever
since the trouble between Snyder and
Hurd the discontent of the men had
grown. And then had come the last
straw—the order given by Powers and
enforced by Snyder—an order, work-
ing the men an hour longer each day
and all day Sunday without extra pay.
Even Snyder, tyrannical as he was
known to be, had protested slightly
at the latest outrage.
"The men'll never stand It," he had
said.
"Times are hard and it must be
done," Powers had answered.
"The men will strike," Snyder had
ventured
"Then we will get others," the mil-
lionaire had answered.
And so, going from group to group,
Snyder had driven them harder, had
shouted the new orders at them, had
sought to coerce them into submission
by a volley of filthy oaths.
Even the worm will turn, they say.
and hungry, underpaid stevedores are
less patient than the earth-grubbing
Insect There were murmurs at Sny-
der's orders and open rebellion at his
language Just how it started nobody
seemed to know; just who began it
doesn't matter. Suffice to say that
leaderless as the men were, impelled
hv a common instinct, they had sud-
denly rushed tho rough tongued fore-
man and had thrown him off the dock
into the water. Then had come tho
march to the office, the demand for
better pay, the clanging of the gate,
the call for the police—and the strike
Of all this not a word bad reached
Laura. Of all this not a whisper, not
a suggestion had found Its way be
hind the beautiful vine-covered stone
wall that surrounded the Powers es-
tate. Not a syllable had been per-
mitted to disturb the peace and seren-
ity of the millionaire's palatial res-
idence. and probably never would
have, if the men at an open air meet-
ing on the afternoon of I^aura's party,
had not appointed Tim Shand the
head of a committee to place their
grievances before the millionaire.
"We can never get to him at his
office. We will see him at his home,"
Tim had shouted.
At last Tim and the angry Powers
came face to face.
For a moment the two men glared
at each other. And then Shand, with
the self-command and eloquence that
had made him a leader among the
workmen, quickly made his plea for
justice.
"We come to you, Mr. Powers, be-
cause we realize that you do not know
what the men have suffered. We
know that if you had realized the
awful tyranny of your underling,
conditions would have been improved
long ago. We ask you to take the
men back under proper working
Laura's Fiance Throwing Her Father's
Tenants Out of Their Homes.
conditions. And (this firmly), we
ask the removal of Snyder. Not for
ourselves alone, but for our wives and
children we appear. They are starv-
ing."
"Let them starve." was Powers' an-
swer.
Laura was a surprised and startled
witness to this stirring scene. She
had never realized before that there
was ptich a thing as starvation.
A great compassion was born with-
in her Her features showed the dawn
of a wondrous pity Putting her arms
about her father's neck she asked him
to tell her all about the strikers and
their hungry families. Laughingly he
pul her from him.
"Those problems are not for little
girls like you," he told her. "Go and
join your guests. They will miss you."
III.
Mina Hurd was a frail and delicate
woman of twenty five. A constant
battle with poverty had left its marks
Far into each night she toiled with
needle in a desperate endeavor to eke
out the little family's slender in-
come.
Bent over some hand-sewing, urg-
ing her weary fingers to unceasing en-
deavors to add to the slowly Increas-
ing pile of finished garments beside
her, she hardly dared to raise her
eyes from her work, when a com
motion at the unpainted front door of
the shabby cottage warned her that
she was having visitors at an unusual
time.
Two laborers appeared at the door-
way supporting the half unconscious
Hurd between them. His head was
covered with blood, His eyes were
glassy His feet shuffled and seemed
too heavy for him to lift.
"Your husband's been hurt, ma'am,"
said one of the men, as guided by
Mina, they half dragged, half carried
the injured man to the scantily fur-
nished bedroom and propped their
stricken comrade in the shabby bed.
The happenings of the next few
hours were as a dream to Mina. She
had a hazy recollection that one of
the men had called the kindly-faced
and gentle Doctor Gray. She vaguely
remembered having fed something to
little Mina. She dimly sensed having
helped Doctor Gray and one of the
laborers dress her husband's wound
But from out the chaotic jumble of
her tangled memory one thing stood
bold and clear. It was the verdict of
the doctor, spoken in gentle, kindly
tones.
"Your husband has a severe in-
jury to the skull. He cannot work for
many weeks."
Followed days and weeks of des-
perate struggle for Mina, while Hurd
slowly recovered his strength.
Came the day when Doctor Gray
warned Mina that she would have to
be careful.
"That cough will get you, little
woman," he said as he kindly refused
the money she proffered him
"Hush, he will hear you," Mina
whispered as she looked apprehen-
sively towards the bedroom where
Hurd had gone for his morning nap.
His convalescence was slow and he
needed all the rest he could get.
But her warning came too late.
Hurd had caught the words and un-
derstood. In half an hour he was
tottering from the house. In an hour
he was at the gate of the lumber
yard, asking to see his old antagonist.
He was willing to risk another en-
counter with Snyder to save the
health of Mina.
A new and surly gateman barred
the way.
And he tried to force his way past
the burly bully. The seuffie was short
and decisive. Hurd was thrown, limp
and panting, up against the fenoe. He
hadn't the strength of a half-grown
boy.
So Intently were the men watching
each other that neither had heard the
approach of Powers and his prospec-
tive son-in-law.
"What's the meaning of all this?"
the latter asked.
"Please, Mr. Powers, I've come back
to work. I've been laid up. I was
hurt you know."
Recognition showed In the face of
Travis.
"He's the man who assaulted Sny-
der," he said, turning towards the mil-
lionaire.
"You—you thug!" thundered Pow-
ers. "You can't work here. We have
no place for disturbers like you. Get
out."
Perhaps It was because of the anger
aroused by his resentment against
Hurd, perhaps It was because the in-
creasing extravagances of Laura made
him desperate to increase his income,
perhaps it was only because of pure
cussedness, but at any rate Powers
went straight from his encounter
with his old employee at the gate to
his office, sent for his worthy fore-
man, and issued the Sunday work or-
der that caused the strike and filled
hundreds of homes with want and
poverty and starvation. And all dur-
ing the weary weeks of the unequal
struggle between capital and labor
Mina Hurd lay slowly dying, while
her husband sat helplessly by, sub-
sisting on the charity of friends and
buying medicine with the money Doc-
tor Gray forced upon him.
IV.
If Laura Powers had been less
thoughtless—less selfish—If she had
taken an interest In the condition of
her father's employees before the aft-
ernoon of her interrupted Colonial
party, this tale of hardship and pri-
vation, this story of tyranny and toil
might never have been written.
The day after the party found her
starting out alone on a mission of
eharity and exploration. All night
long the word, "starving" had been
ringing in her brain, and she meant
to find out for herself if the wives
and children of her father's striking
employees were really suffering.
And now driving slowly through the
streets formed by the cottages of her
father's men, she gazed with sicken-
ing heart at the signs of misery and
distress that multiplied on every hand
around her.
One particularly pretty child, sob-
bing as if her little heart would break,
attracted Laura's attention.
"And what is your name, my dar-
ling?" she asked tenderly.
"Betty Hurd," sobbed the child.
"And why are you crying?"
"My mamma's gone."
And following the persistent tug of
the little one's hand Laura suffered
herself to be led into Karl Hurd's
house of sorrow and anguish; suffered
herself to be led to the bedroom
where the stricken husband, stunned
by grief, sat staring down into the
cold and sightless eyes of the wife
who had offered herself on the altar
of toil and tyranny.
Laura stooped to the little child,
and gathering her in her arms she
sought to give her some of that moth-
er comfort she would never know
again. Yielding to an impulse she
opened her purse and poured its con-
tents into the hand of the little one.
Easily influenced as children are,
Hetty grabbed the money from
Laura's hand and running gayly to
her father s side she tugged at his
sleeve and lisped in her childish prat-
tle:
"See what the lady gave me."
Dully Karl raised his pain-laden
eyes and gazed dumbly at the pretty
benefactor who stood at tho foot of
the bed in sorrowing embarrassment.
Mutely he nodded bis dumb thanks.
"I will be back to do what I can
later." And Laura, sobered and chas-
tened by what she had seen, slowly
left that house of sorrow. But her
unpleasant experiences were only be-
ginning. Pandemonium reigned at
the house three doors away — the
house of Tim Shand—aggressive Tim
Shand. champion of the men.and the
spokesman of the committee that had
bearded Powers in his own home at
the Colonial party the day before.
Furniturs waB piled high on tho
sidewalk and men wearing the badges
of the sheriff's office were carrying
more of it into the street despite the
violent protests of the wildly di-
sheveled Mrs. Shand.
Laura's interest was aroused, less
by the spectacle itself than by the
fact that Perry Travis, her fiancee
and her father's legal adviser, was di-
recting the work of the despoilers.
"And what does this mean. Perry?"
she demanded in tones that compelled
a prompt reply.
"These men are strikers. They must
go. They won't work. We need the
houses for others who will." His re-
ply was jerky and stilted.
"But 1 thought these people had
paid for their homes out of their
wages," she persisted.
He remained silent, both to her
question and to the insistent demands
of Mrs. Shand, whose excitement and
hysteria were growing with each pass-
ing moment.
"Answer me!" and Laura stamped
her pretty foot in anger.
"They are only partly paid for." The
answer came slowly. "They are only
partly paid for, and as they remain
in your father's possession until en-
tirely cleared, and as the men are
earning no money and cannot con-
tinue payment, we are foreclosing the
mortgages. That is all."
"So you rob them of their homes.
For shame. I'll stop that." And Lau-
ra, showiug indignation in every pose
of her dainty little body, hurried away
to find her father.
An hour passed—an hour freignteu
with frightful portent for the actors
in the tragedy of toil and tyranny-
that is rapidly neariug its final cur-
tain. In that hour Laura had found,
her father, and with arms around hli.
neck had begged him to have mercy.
"You must take pity on your poor
toilers, father." she had pleaded, and
he had laughingly put her off. Ia
that hour Mrs. Shand had stormed the
meeting of the strikers in the vacant
lot and had. in an impassioned plea
of crude eloquence, lashed tbem Into
a fury for revenge. In that hour Karl
Hurd. a vow for vengeance in his soul,
had left the body of hli dead wife and
gone to join the maddened strikers.
Though he did not yet realize It,
David Powers, for the first time In
bis life, bad reached a point where
events were getting beyond his con-
trol. A higher hand than his was deal-
ing the cards. Fate had taken part in
the game. And so it happened at the
very moment that his daughter Laura
had decided to slip from the house
and go down herself and help the
stricken families of her father's em-
ployees, the strikers themselves had
decided to hold up her father's auto
and give him the beating up they felt
he bo richly deserved.
Skillfully Shand disposed his forces
at a point of vantage in a turn of the
road just beyond the Powers man-
sion. The men were armed with clubs,
and at a point In the boulevard where
they were hidden until the auto was
almost upon them, logs were thrown
across the highway. Hurd volun-
teered to act as lookout, and Shand,
not knowing that the half-crazed and
sorely stricken man had craftily stolen
the revolver from his own side pocket,
accepted his services. "Go up near
the gate and signal us when the auto
starts!" were his final Instructions.
And so the stage was set.
Slowly the limousine drew out from
tho Powers estate. The millionaire
had drawn tile shades to protect him-
self from the insults and gibes of his
men on the streets and Laura had not
bothered to raise them. Out on to the
road the machine swung and had just
gathered full momentum when the
chauffeur's heart was turned to stone
by the orange tongue of Dame that
leaped from behind the trunk of a
tree, by ,tho ringing shot of a well-
aimed gun, by the crash of glass in
the body of the car behind him, and by
the mad maniacal peal of laughter
that echoed wildly through the after-
noon air. As he brought the auto into
a quick turn he caught one glimpse at
a pair of strangely staring, unhal-
lowed eyes that peered at him from
behind the trunk of the grand old tree
at the roadside.
David Powers was an influential
man in the community where he lived.
Police had guarded his palatial home
all during the strike. They were near
at hand when the shooting took place.
And so it happened that the exulting,
grinning murderer was quickly caught
and was dragged into Powers' library
while the agonized millionaire, still in
the first burst of his awful grief, was
bending over the cold, dead form of
his beautiful martyred daughter.
"Do with me what you will. I have
had my revenge! Tho world has one
less tyrant to oppress it," Hurd shout-
ed. And then his eyes fell upon Pow.
Laura Visiting Her Father'i
E mployees.
Striking
era. He started as if he had seen a
ghost.
"You," he muttered wealcly. "You.
I thought—"
And then his eyes traveled slowly
to the beautiful form on the couch.
"And she was kind to me," he
sobbed. "She gave my Betty money.
She wanted to help us and I killed
her."
The words seemed to arouse Pow-
ers. For the first time he became con-
scious that he was not alone.
"You!" he shouted in hiB turn.
His eyes blazed fury and he made
one infuriated leap at the manacled
maniac before him. He would have
killed the man with his bare harSs
had not the police and Travis re-
strained him.
And thus they stood a tragic group
around the bier. And to each had
been meted out his own appropriate
punishment. Poor Laura had paid
with her life. Travis had paid with
loss of his fiancee—with the prospect
of facing a blighted life until roMoved
by a merciful death. Hurd, U. his
wild pursuit of revenge, had paid by
adding another sorrow, another re-
morse to his already overwhelming
burden of woe. From David Powers
had been exacted the greatest trib-
ute. He paid with the life of his most
precious possession—his daughter. For
in the Tragedy of Tyranny and Toil,
as in the other great tragedies of life,
the weak must pay as well is the
strong, the innocent as <*ell as the
guilty.
WHO PAYS?
(END OF THE SERIES,)
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Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
Burke, J. J. The Daily Transcript (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 3, No. 96, Ed. 1 Tuesday, October 19, 1915, newspaper, October 19, 1915; (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc113073/m1/2/: accessed May 2, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.