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The African Lion: George Napier Perkins, Lawyer, Politician, Editor

Description: Article describes the life and career of George Napier Perkins, a lawyer, politician, and newspaper editor who advocated black quality in early territorial Oklahoma. Nudie E. Williams elaborates on his beliefs that Oklahoma held potential for a better future for black citizens of the U.S.
Date: Winter 1992
Creator: Williams, Nudie E.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Boley, Oklahoma

Description: Article describes the founding of Boley, Oklahoma, one of the largest all-black towns in Oklahoma, and the townsite speculation process that occurred beforehand.
Date: Summer 1977
Creator: Hamilton, Kenneth Marvin
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Colorblind Proletarian Brotherhood: African Americans, American Indians, and Racial Inclusivity in the Oklahoma Socialist Party

Description: Article explores the ways the Oklahoma Socialist Party promoted racial inclusion as well as missed opportunities in the early twentieth century. Matthew F. Simmons provides historical background for marginalized groups in Oklahoma, specifically African Americans and American Indians.
Date: Winter 2018
Creator: Simmons, Matthew F.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

The Edwards Family and Black Entrepreneurial Success

Description: Article relates the success story of Walter James and Frances Giliam Edwards, black entrepreneurs in Oklahoma in the early 1900s. Paul Lehman discusses how their housing development business and their contribution to the founding of Edwards Memorial Hospital were landmarks in working towards racial equality.
Date: Winter 1986
Creator: Lehman, Paul
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

The Fear of "Negro Domination": The Rise of Segregation and Disfranchisement in Oklahoma

Description: This article addresses the issue of the rise of segregation and disfranchisement in the frontier West. It looks closely at the sociopolitical climate in Oklahoma to answer important questions about the opportunities blacks found in the state and how white politicians became emboldened by the fear of "Negro domination."
Date: Spring 2000
Creator: Wickett, Murray R.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Inside the School Yard Gate: "Alfalfa Bill" Murray and Education in Oklahoma

Description: Article describes the life and political career of William "Alfalfa Bill" Murray and his efforts to promote free access to education and textbooks in the Oklahoma public school system. Karen McKellips illuminates the contrast between his progressive political and economic views on reform and his support of racial segregation.
Date: Winter 2000
Creator: McKellips, Karen
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Oklahoma City's First Mass Transit System: Who Brought the Streetcars for People to Ride?

Description: Article describes the history and development of the electric railway system in Oklahoma City, including the involvement of major companies in the streetcar franchise. Kim K. Bender describes some of the successes as well as failures the system experienced as Oklahoma City continued to expand.
Date: Summer 1994
Creator: Bender, Kim K.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Oklahoma's First Comprehensive University: Langston University, The Early Years

Description: Article discusses the history of Oklahoma's first comprehensive university, Langston University. Originally known as the Colored Agricultural and Normal University at Langston, the university flourished and provided an education to black citizens of Oklahoma amidst early obstacles of segregation and poor funding.
Date: Spring 1996
Creator: Brown, Willis L. & McNeal-Brown, Janie M.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

[Photograph 2012.201.B0149.0972]

Description: Photograph used for a story in the Oklahoma Times newspaper. Caption: "Several hundred-students at the University of Oklahoma Thursday aligned themselves with the fight to break down segregation laws when they met on the university campus (top picture), burned a copy of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution (which provides racial equality), and mailed the ashes to President Truman."
Date: January 29, 1948
Creator: Owen, A. Y.
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

[Photograph 2012.201.B0243.0443]

Description: Photograph taken for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "With all deliberate speed" has been the key phrase in the Supreme Court's decision ending school segregation, an idea now threatened by anti-busing sentiment."
Date: unknown
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

[Photograph 2012.201.B0927.0756]

Description: Photograph used for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "Tug of war resulted Saturday when door guards at Bishop's Restaurant, 113 N Broadway, barred Negroes from entering the cafe."
Date: June 1, 1963
Creator: Matheson, Mandell
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

[Photograph 2012.201.B0927.0757]

Description: Photograph used for a newspaper owned by the Oklahoma Publishing Company. Caption: "Hollywood's Oscar - winning Biblical actor, Charlton Heston, led a demonstration a g a i n s t segregated eating establishments in downtown Oklahoma City Saturday."
Date: May 27, 1961
Creator: Matheson, Mandell
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

[Photograph 2012.201.B0927.0758]

Description: Photograph used for a story in the Daily Oklahoman newspaper. Caption: "WAITING FOR PATROL WAGON to take them to police headquarters here, a group of racial demonstrators stands on the sidewalk in front of the Cravens Building."
Date: January 13, 1961
Creator: Lucas, Jim
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society
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