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Seal of the Cherokee Nation

Description: Article discusses the process behind the procurement of the Seal of the Cherokee Nation, the growth, development, and factions of the Cherokee Nation throughout the nineteenth century, and the meaning behind the images represented in the seal. This seal is on the cover of this issue of The Chronicles.
Date: Summer 1956
Creator: Wright, Muriel H. (Muriel Hazel), 1889-1975
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Diary pages of George H. Johnson

Description: Diary of George H. Johnson. He writes about hunting, family, being in the military, and Indian Territory. He mentions General Custer, Black Kettle and crossing the Red River.
Date: unknown
Creator: Johnson, George H.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Text
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Choctaw Chickasaw Observer

Description: This collection concerns the story of two Confederates who fought, were wounded and captured at the 1st battle of Cabin Creek. The soldiers were hospitalized at Fort Gibson until they escaped and traveled to North Fork Town. Additionally, there is a story related from a member of Quntrill's and his travels through Missouri to the Choctaw Nation. Included are works of fiction concerning romances. The paper was produced at Boggy Depot during the Civil War.
Date: November 30, 1863
Item Type: Refine your search to only Text
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Occupying the Middle Ground: African Creeks in the First Indian Home Guard, 1862-1865

Description: Article explores the participation of the first African Americans to join the federal army in the Civil War, the First Indian Home Guard. This regiment was a tri-racial unit in which free blacks and former slaves served many roles, including the role of translator for Creek and Seminole soldiers.
Date: Spring 1998
Creator: Zellar, Gary
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

The Osage Plea for Freedom Revisited

Description: Article explores the history of the Osage Nation and their connections with the Catholic religion. James D. White examines their sense of disconnectedness from their spiritual life with their relocation to Indian Territory and the complications that ensued in the wake of their request for Catholic missionaries to be sent to the area.
Date: Summer 1995
Creator: White, James D.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Reminiscences of Jim Tomm

Description: Article provides reminiscences of Jim Tomm, a freedman who was born into slavery on the plantation of George Stidham in the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and freed during the Civil War. L. M. S. Wilson compiles these memories of Tomm's life before, during, and after the Civil War.
Date: Autumn 1966
Creator: Wilson, L. M. S. & Tomm, Jim
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Deadly Currents: John Ross's Decision of 1861

Description: Article expounds on the situation Chief John Ross faced as leader of the Cherokees during the Civil War. Ari Kelman provides details about factionalism within the Cherokee Nation, the impossibility of neutrality during wartime with pressures from both Federal and Confederate armies, and the personal political intentions of the Cherokee leader.
Date: Spring 1995
Creator: Kelman, Ari
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

John Jumper

Description: Article discusses the legacy of John Jumper, one of the principle chiefs of the Seminole Nation. Carolyn Thomas Foreman discusses his life and relations between the Creeks and the Seminoles during his time of leadership, treaties formed with the U.S. government, unrest during the Civil War, and the religious institutions established within the nation during the nineteenth century.
Date: Summer 1951
Creator: Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 1872-1967
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Ekvn-hv'lwuce: Site of Oklahoma's First Civil War Battle

Description: Article describes Ekvn-hv'lwuce, determined to be the site of the first battle of the Civil War fought on Oklahoma soil, and examines the account of the battle by Euchee/Yuchi Chief S. W. Brown to construct a portrait of the battle, which was fought between Muscogee Creek Chief Opothleyahola and Confederate forces.
Date: Winter 1951
Creator: Russell, Orpha B.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

The Armstrongs of Indian Territory, Part III: General Frank Crawford Armstrong

Description: Article describes the life and career of General frank Crawford Armstrong, an officer in the Confederate Army and later Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In the third part of this article series, Carolyn Thomas Foreman explains Armstrong's participation in the Civil War and the factionalism among members of the Cherokee Nation in the late nineteenth century.
Date: Spring 1953
Creator: Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 1872-1967
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

"The Panther's Scream is Often Heard": Cherokee Women in Indian Territory during the Civil War

Description: The Civil War and intertribal factionalism in the Cherokee Nation left one-third of women as widows and one-fourth of the children as orphans by 1863. This article is a careful examination of the lives of many Cherokee women in which the author concludes that while the crisis may have empowered women, it also led to a crisis of identity for elite women.
Date: Spring 2000
Creator: Johnston, Carolyn Ross
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

"Peculiarly Situated Between Rebellion and Loyalty": Civilized Tribes, Savagery, and the American Civil War

Description: Article discusses the concept of "savagism" in the context of participation of the "Five Civilized Tribes" in the Civil War. Tom L. Franzmann investigates details and accounts of brutal practices conducted by both white and American Indian soldiers during the war and deconstructs the ideas that perpetrated society during the time.
Date: Summer 1998
Creator: Franzmann, Tom L.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Cherokee Sovereignty in the Gilded Age: The Outlet Question

Description: Article illustrates the history of the Cherokee tribe in the Cherokee Outlet, and the conflicts and disputes that led to the leasing of land in the area. H. Craig Miner investigates the stake white settlers and businessmen wanted in the area, and how the issue was perceived by the Cherokee public.
Date: Summer 1993
Creator: Miner, H. Craig
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

The Life and Times of Jeff Thompson Parks: Pioneer, Educator, Jurist

Description: Article describes the life of Jeff Thompson Parks, who married into the Cherokee Nation and fought with Stand Watie's Confederate forces, attended the Male Seminary, and later became county judge of Cherokee County. T. L. Ballenger creates a portrait of the man through personal reminiscences and facts.
Date: Summer 1952
Creator: Ballenger, T. L.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

General Douglas H. Cooper, C. S. A.

Description: Article describes the life and career of Confederate General Douglas H. Cooper. Muriel H. Wright explores his work as a Choctaw agent, and his participation in the Civil War.
Date: Summer 1954
Creator: Wright, Muriel H. (Muriel Hazel), 1889-1975
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society
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