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North to the Promised Land: Black Migration to the Canadian Plains

Description: Article describes the history and context of African-Americans migrating from Oklahoma to the Canadian Plains in the early 1900s. R. Bruce Shepard explores their motivations, which included political inequities in Oklahoma and the promise of farmland, as well as their reception by Canadian authorities.
Date: Autumn 1988
Creator: Shepard, R. Bruce
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

"We Surely Gave Them an Uplift": Taylor F. Ealy and the Mission School for Freedmen

Description: Article describes the efforts of Taylor F. Ealy and his wife Mary Ealy to begin a school for African-American residents freed by the Chickasaws at the abandoned site of Fort Arbuckle. Norman J. Bender includes documentation from the Ealy family and correspondence from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Edward P. Smith, to create a more wholistic picture of the process.
Date: Summer 1983
Creator: Bender, Norman J.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Occupying the Middle Ground: African Creeks in the First Indian Home Guard, 1862-1865

Description: Article explores the participation of the first African Americans to join the federal army in the Civil War, the First Indian Home Guard. This regiment was a tri-racial unit in which free blacks and former slaves served many roles, including the role of translator for Creek and Seminole soldiers.
Date: Spring 1998
Creator: Zellar, Gary
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Reminiscences of Jim Tomm

Description: Article provides reminiscences of Jim Tomm, a freedman who was born into slavery on the plantation of George Stidham in the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and freed during the Civil War. L. M. S. Wilson compiles these memories of Tomm's life before, during, and after the Civil War.
Date: Autumn 1966
Creator: Wilson, L. M. S. & Tomm, Jim
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Alice Lee Elliott Memorial Academy: A School for Choctaw Freedmen

Description: Article explores the history of Oak Hill Industrial Academy (also known as Alice Lee Elliott Memorial Academy) one of the only schools that provided education to Choctaw freedmen and other black citizens in the area of Valliant, Oklahoma. Joy McDougal Smith traces the history of the school, from its establishment to closing, and includes details about the people who taught and studied there.
Date: Autumn 1994
Creator: Smith, McDougal Joy
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

North Fork Town

Description: Article illustrates the history of North Fork Town, its settlement by the Creeks, the religious denominations that took root there, and the schools that were eventually built in the area. Carolyn Thomas Foreman discusses the missionaries that helped found these schools and the growth of the town.
Date: Spring 1951
Creator: Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 1872-1967
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Marshalltown, Creek Nation

Description: Article discusses the history of Marshalltown, a town in the Creek Nation that was established in the early nineteenth century. Carolyn Thomas Foreman explores the crime that cropped up in the town, and the disputes that occurred between black Creeks and Cherokees.
Date: Spring 1954
Creator: Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, 1872-1967
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

"The Smoked Meat Rebellion"

Description: Article explores crime on the Oklahoma frontier in the early 1900s, referencing a particular instance of someone stealing a thousand pounds of smoked bacon, which earned the following events the name the "Smoked Meat Rebellion," also known as the Crazy Snake Rebellion. Mel H. Bolster discusses the interaction of Creeks, Creek freedmen, and the local law enforcement during these events.
Date: Spring 1953
Creator: Bolster, Mel H.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Black Slavery in the Creek Nation

Description: Article examines the practice of slaveholding among the Creek people, exploring details of its beginnings as well as the results of emancipation of those enslaved to become freed persons within Indian Territory.
Date: Autumn 1978
Creator: Halliburton, Janet
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Black Slavery in Indian Territory: The Ex-Slave Narratives

Description: Article examines the contents of ex-slave narratives from the collection assembled under the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration. Monroe Billington points out that little attention was given to black slavery among the Indians of Indian Territory and focuses on related narratives.
Date: Spring 1982
Creator: Billington, Monroe
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Cherokee Planters, Black Slaves, and African Colonization

Description: Article describes the history of the American Colonization movement, repatriation of African Americans to Africa, and the history of plantation slavery in the Cherokee Nation. Theda Perdue explores the reasons behind the mass emigration and the struggles both enslaved and freed African Americans faced.
Date: Autumn 1960
Creator: Perdue, Theda
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

United States vs. Bass Reeves: Black Lawman on Trial

Description: Article describes the career of deputy marshal Bass Reeves and relates the proceedings of his court case when he stood on trial for murder. Nudie E. Williams discusses his controversial career and questions whether he was remembered as a ruthless killer or a gifted frontiersman of Indian Territory.
Date: Summer 1990
Creator: Williams, Nudie E.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

The Colored High School of the Cherokee Nation

Description: Article discusses the call for and establishment of a high school for freedmen in the Cherokee Nation in 1890, the rights black freed persons had in early Indian Territory, the students who attended the school, and records of the school.
Date: Winter 1952
Creator: Ballenger, T. L.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Sarah Ann Harlan: From Her Memoirs of Life in the Indian Territory (Continued from Summer, 1961)

Description: Article continues the memoirs of Sarah Ann Harlan, a pioneer woman who was able to live in the Choctaw Nation with her husband on account of her heritage. Harlan discusses life on the frontier, running a plantation, and the aftermath of the Civil War.
Date: Autumn 1961
Creator: Wright, Muriel H. (Muriel Hazel), 1889-1975 & Harlan, Sarah Ann
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Reconstruction in the Chickasaw Nation: The Freedman Problem

Description: Article describes relations between the United States government and the Chickasaw Nation regarding the large number of Chickasaw freedmen that stayed in the nation after their emancipation. The Chickasaws had several issues with the freedmen drawing other freed peoples to the area and becoming the racial majority.
Date: Spring 1967
Creator: James, Parthena Louise
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society

Notes and Documents, Summer 2009

Description: Notes and Documents column including a document honoring Michael Wallis and Quintus and Mary Herron, who were inducted into the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame in 2009. It also includes a document celebrating the bicentennial of Abraham Lincoln's birth and lists a selection of articles exploring the history of Black Oklahomans in the journey from slavery to empowerment.
Date: Summer 2009
Creator: Wilson, Linda D.; Sias, Richard & Blackburn, Bob L.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: Oklahoma Historical Society
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