The Spencer Siftings (Spencer, Okla.), Vol. 2, No. 13, Ed. 1 Saturday, June 19, 1909 Page: 2 of 8
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Farmers’ Educational
and Co-Operative
Union of America
Edited and Contributed by
W .8. MORGAN,
SprutafiaM, Miawri
To bring the producer and con-
sumer in closer relations In the ex-
change of products is a work that
ought to commend itself to all.
If the grain farmers conclude to
build their own elevators and hold
their grain until the market is ready
Tor It they will be doing what the
speculator does.
The poor sugar trust that has had
so much done for It by the govern-
ment has been caught In the act of
stealing Just like a common thief.
Those people who have expressed
their fears that the government might
become too parental don't seem to be
alarmed at protecting some private
Interests with a tariff.
It Is estimated that the sugar trust
has cheated the government out of
$9,000,000 in false weights caused by
a wire which one of its henchmen
could manipulate the scales.
Paying men five to eight dollars per
week bonuB to induce them to rob the
government out of duties on sugar is
one of the crimes proved against the
American sugar trust. Thus the
trusts not only corrupt our legislators
but hire the common laborer to be
like themselves—common thieves.
In the commercial world there are
three classes: the producers, the dis-
tributers, and the consumers. If you
want to know which class makes the
most money just ask who own and
live in the finest houses and have the
biggest bank accounts. The middle-
men will be caught with the goods.
Since some of the best business
men we have in the country have
been farmers why should they not
succeed in managing the business af-
fairs of the Farmers' union.
Now just watch the government put
the Biigar trust magnates in jail for
the millions of dollars they stole. A
few of the poor working men who
received five dollars a week for pull-
ing the secret wire and making the
scales weigh light may go there, but
the magnates who had it done, nit.
CO-OPERATION IN IOWA GAINS. | |jp£ Q£ JJEEL FLY \ H0W T0 6E1 RID 0F R0DENTS*
Its Advantages and Drawbacks; First j.
Society Won Out After Long
and Bitter Struggle.
NEED OF EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
«
Heads, of Various Agricultural Organi-
zations Should Form Society
for Exchange of Ideaa.
The various organizations of an
agricultural nature, Buch as the Farm-
ers’ union. Society of Equity, the
grain growers' associations and ele-
vator associations, tobacco growers
and raisin and fruit men other than
the Farmers' union, would have a bet-
ter chance to co-operate along lines
that would be of mutual benefit If
there was a council composed of the
presidents of each state organization
who could easily meet as often as
found necessary and consult as to
what was best to do for the good of
all. There would be only a secretary
to provide for who would hold office
all the year and attend to the neces-
sary routine business of the co-opera-
tive association. This would place
the business pf the organizations on
a basis much nearer the people them-
selves and would prove much more
satisfactory than a national organi-
zation.
tinder the present system which
prevails in all organizations which
have grown beyond statehood, the
power that passes to the national of-
ficers is that much withdrawn from
the people, and is in the nature of a
federated body instead of a co-opera-
tive one. The least power possible
should be taken away from the peo-
ple, for in them lies the sinew and
strength of the organizations and
the honesty of purpose which should
prevail in all organizations of this
*character.
Co-operation Is working to a com-
mon end without the power in each
organization passing from them,
while a national organization, from its
nature, carries with it the assumption
of a power that if continued will un-
doubtedly weaken the organization at
home.—National Co-operator.
Alfalfa Don’ts.
Don't fall to provide for ample in-
oculation; soil from an old alfalfa
field is best.
Don't sow poor or weedy seed.
Don’t sow on weedy soil.
Don't bow on any but finely pre-
pared, well-timed soil.
Don't pasture the first or second
year.
Don't lose the leaves; they consti-
tute the best part of the hay.
Don’t seed a large acreage to be-
gin with. Experiment on a small
area first.
Don't give up. Many prominent al-
falfa growers finally succeeded only
after many failures.
Texas Tobacco.
In the Nacogdoches district of
Texas are about 1S5.000 acres of
laud suited jor tobacco growing
There ere now some firraor-
raising tobacco heie, having from one
to ten acres each. Tobacco grown
under shade is reported to equal Su-
matra wrapper, and there is a strong
demand tor it. For shade, slats are
preferred, since they last from five to
six rears. Some of the fields arc
wVh reven-foot board
itrs..-. - that the gcre-
t- r.h <i nest
This la the age of co-operation, says
the Iowa State Register. All of us
recognize It. Hut often our indepen-
dence. and especially our individual-
ism, when we have had to depend for
so many years absolutely upon our-
selves, lead us from rather than to-
ward co-operation.
in the cities almost everything and
everybody is organized. The labor
unions, in spite of the bad reputations
which unworthy and unwise leaders
have sometimes given them, have
been been a blessing to the human
race and each year are coming nearer
to the principles of true fellowship
and the right industrial relations in
the commercial world. The manufac-
turers, the wholesalers, the retailers,
in fact all lines of business, have their
organizations, and if not on the of-
fensive side, are at least on the defen-
sive, seeing to it that no other Inter-
est encroaches upon their rights if it
it possible to prevent it. liut in a
large part of the United States the
farmers as a class are unorganized.
Yet each year sees the farmer milk-
ing progress along the lines of co-op-
eration, especially in progressive Iowa,
where there are some of the largest
co-operative societies in the country.
In fact the corn belt states seem to be
better organized for the protection of
their agricultural interests than the
majority of the agricultural states.
Yet even here such work is in its in-
fancy.
With respect to co-operation we are
far behind the farmers of some of the
foreign countries In Germany and in
France especially there are strong co-
operative organizations among farm-
ers. In Denmark four-fifths of the
farming population is associated in co-
operative organizations, in the selling
of their farm produce, in operating
stores and even bunks. Ireland also
enjoys co-operation among her farm-
ing class to a certain degree.
Much of the co-operation which has
come about among grain growers in
our section of the country has been
years inter than that of Illinois; but it
has outstripped its predecessor in the
number of elevator companies formed.
The struggle in Iowa was similur to
that in Illinois, though a more bitter
fight was waged against the little co-
operative Iowa organizations.
The first society of the state was at
Rockwell, Cerro Gordo county. Their
success is largely attributed te the
clause incorporated in their by-laws
providing that a commission of one-
half cent per bushel should be paid in-
to the company treasury by their mem-
bers for every bushel of grain sold
either by themselves or to their- com-
petitors. When sold to their own com-
pany this represented the cost of han-
dling the grain and when sold to a
competitor it was paid into the treas-
ury just the same. In this way the
farmers' company was provided for. no
matter how much the line elevator
people raised their prices in the en-
deavor to force the farmers' compuny
out of business.
They first fought the farmers' com-
pany at Rockwell and fought it with
every trick known to modern political
business, and to the everlasting credit
af the little group of staunch and faith-
ful farmers the trust failed. Hut,
though the trust was beaten at Rock-
well, the fight had been so hardly
won that other sections of the state
hesitated before organizing their own
companies for fear of a similar experi-
ence.
A called meeting of all co-operative
companies in Iowa was held in Rock-
well on November 4, 1904, which
resulted In uniting 20 companies into
the Btate association, and that number
has been increased until at present
there are over 200 companies with a
membership of more than 30,000.
Through this middle west there are
now hundreds of co-operative elevator
associations, co-operative creameries,
co-operative banks and stores and
other industrial lines.
ITS GROWTH AS DESCRIBED BY
ENTOMOLOGIST HERRICK.
Interesting Document on Birth and
Propagation of Th.e Irritating
Little Ineect; Annoys Horses
and Cattle.
Prof. Glenn W. Herrick, state ento-
mologist and professor of entomology
of the Agricultural and Mechanical
college of Texas at College Station,
* *ho Is soon to go to Cornell In a sim-
ilar position, has contributed an in-
teresting document to the discussion
regarding the heel fly, in answer to a
question by the editor of the Stock
man and Farmer of San Antonio. Prof.
Herrick says:
"Your letter, accompanied by a fly
In a bottle, received. Yes. indeed,
there is a heei fly, more properly
known as the hot fly or ox warble fly,
because it Is this fly that causes the
so-called ox warbles or wolves along
the hacks of cattle. This fly lays its
eggs sometimes upon the heels of cat
tie, but it does not bite the latter, as
is the popular notion. A similar fly
lays its yellowish eggs upon the front
legs and shoulders of horses, attach-
ing them to the hairs. No doubt
every farmer has Seen these eggs,
which are very conspicuoua on horses
in the summer time. These flies do
not sting or bite the horses, although
when they are flying about, the horse
will stamp and throw up Its head, as
though it were being Injured by the
fly. As a matter of fact, this move-
ment of the horse Is evidently in
stinctive to prevent the fly from de-
positing its eggs, rather than from
any harm the fly actually does at the
time. Exactly so with the heel fly.
Cattle stamp and run when these flies
are trying to deposit their eggs, not
because the cattle are actually stqng
by the flies, but evidently as an in
stinctive movement of protection
against the deposition of the eggs.
“These flies have a very curious and
interesting life history, in the case
of the horse, the eggs are licked off
and hatch in the mouth, where the
grubs or larvae pass to the stomach
nnd attach themselves to the lining of
the stomach and constitute the so-
called hots of horses. When these
hots have attained growth they pass
out with the dung, bore into the earth
a short distance, and in 30 or 40 days
come out ready to deposit eggs again
in a short time.
"In a similar w-ay the eggs of the
heel fly are deposited on the hair
around the heels of cattle and are
licked off by the animal into the
mouth. Here they hatch into grubs
or larvae, which actually pass through
the walls of the gullet, and get Just
under the skin of the neck. Frotn
here they actually work their way b+
tween the skin and the flesh, through
the loose blubbery tissue, to their posi-
tion along the sides of the backbone
of the animal. Here they are known
as wolves. Each grub has an opening
through the skin for air, and they may
be killed by stopping these openings
with grease. After the wolves com-
plete their growth they come out of
the skin, pass through the pupa stage
and eventually develop into an adult
fly, thus completing their life history.
—Glenn W. Herrick, State Entomolo-
gist."
Government Biologist Gives Several
Methode for Extermination of
Rats in Rice Fields.
Dr. A. K. Fisher, who has charge of
the economic investigation department
of the United States biological station
at Washington, lias written an inter-
esting letter to Frank M. Miller, presi-
dent of the board of commissioners for
the protection of birds, game and fish,
on the extermination of field rats.
Some time ago several planters of
St. John the Baptist parish complained
of the ravages by rata in their fields,
which are principally of rice, and
asked the game commission to help.
Mr. Miller took the matter up with
the government authorities and Dr.
Fisher wrote the following reply:
"la reply I would state that the
specimen of rat which is devastating
the rice fields in the pariah of St. John
the Hapt.iat and which you furnished
for tndentifleation is the common
brown or wharf rat, Mus norvegicus.
“It is a very difficult problem to de-
stroy noxious rodents when attractive
food is in abundance. If it is practic-
able at the present time to flood the
infested areas, large numbers of
young rats may be destroyed by this
method. It Is probable that you could
make a very effective vehicle for
poison by making a simple rice pud-
ding, consisting of boiled rice, with
molasses for sweetening. The pud-
ding should be prepared in the follow-
ing manner: Boil 25 pounds of ric«
until it is pretty well softened; drain
off the water and add a quart of mo-
lasses, together with one ounce of sul-
phate of strychnine, previously dis-
solved in a pint of boiling water. After
this mixture has stood for ten or
twelve hours it may be placed in suit-
able localities in the evening, out of
the way of domesticated animals and
wild birds.”
QUARTERLY
REVIEW
Saaday Scknnl Liim Im Jmae 20, 1909
Specially Arranged for This Paper
Conferred on Women Only.
Noble work in the cause of h*
manJty entitles a woman to the "Or-
I tier of Sidonta,” ©sta-btiohed In 1870
! i>y King John, of Saxony. The order
! was founded in memory of the Duch-
Investigate Rice Pests.
Dr. W. R. Dodson of the state ex-
perimental station. and William
Newell of the Ixniisiana crop pdkt
commission are spending much time
now at the new rice experiment sta-
tion at Crowley. Both have visited the
station and they report that splendid
progress is being made in the experi-
ments. especially in view of the fact
that this is the first year that the
state has operated the station, and it
^ook hold of the work this year rather
late.
Dr. Dodson does not have to visit
the station much now, as he has an
assistant director in charge, who is
looking after the detail work of carry-
ing on the experiments in the grow-
ing of varieties, which is principally
the line of work that is being followed
this year. Mr. Newell, however, is
conducting the investigations relative
to the injurious insects that attack the
rice, a complete study of which in
Louisiana has not been made. Mr.
Newell, so far, has not found a serious
number of insects around Crowley.
However, he does not confine his
work to the Crowley farm, but will go
anywhere it is convenient in the rice
belt to investigate insects that are re-
ported to the crop pest commission as
attacking the plant.
Amount of Oil Meals.
HOW TO MAKE GURLER SILO
Cottonsed meal and linseed meal
are both excellent dairy feeds, yet they
must be fed with moderation. These
oil meals are very rich in nitrogen, j
and highly nitrogenous foods should
never be taken to excess, as they place
heavy burden upon the kidneys. A
cow, for instance, is abie to appropri-
ate for milk production a limited
amount of cottonseed meal, and any
There are several silos made on the I ea*en 1“ excess of this amount goes to
plan that is suggested in this connec- wa8te and 18 a burden rather than a
tlon and the style is cotpmonly known help.
as the Gurler. if properly construct- The average dairy cow is able to dl----„---------- -------- ---„
ed, it makes a very good receptacle and appropriate for milk produc- Christian ever associate with non-
illustration and Instructions for the
Construction of Pit for Pack-
ing Fodder.
Farmers’ Union.
The fact that a farmer or shipper
to-day Btands a better chance of get-
ting an honest return on his goods
is mainly owing to two causes which
are quite apart from a higher stand-
ard of commercial morals on the
street; compulsion, not conversion to
a higher code, has driven the average
commission merchant from the old
line of undisguised fraud to more re-
fined and less obvious methods cf
“whipping the devil around the
Stump.” The causes which have done
most to bring about this compulsory |
improvement in the methods of com *
mission merchants are organization
on the part of growers and shippers,
and the passage and enforcement ol
corrective legislation in the various
states. These agencies are still in
an almost infantile state of develop-
ment: they have gone far enough to
demonstrate the correctness of the
principle of i.-o-operation, but they are.
as yet, no match for the seasoned cun
ning and the trained resourcefulnesg
of the crocked commission merchant,
who has taken a post-graduate course
In the school of stacking the cards
and loading the dice against the small
shippers.—Forrest Crissey, in Every
body's.
| - 1 ■■
t-'
m
1>*H
| tion from one to two pounds of linseed
| or cottonseed meal. In connection with
these, of course, must be fed hay and
other feeds. Oil meal mixed with
I ground corn, either with or w ithout
the cob, is about the best mixed heavy
feed that can be given a cow. These
meals are expensive feeds and the
highest returns can be secured from
[ them only when they are given in lim-
ited amounts that the animals will
utilize to the best advantage. Find
| out by testing just how much each cow
can utilize to advantage, and never
give her any more than this amounL
When measured, a rounding pint
measure makes a good feed for tha
average cow.
OOLDBN TEXT.—"With gn-at power
gave the apostles witness of the resur-
rection of the l.oril Jesus.”—Acts 4:38.
A variety of forms of review is
given here, in order that teachers
nay select the method best suited to
.he age and ability of their classes.
Sometimes It will be best to unite two
or more plans, or to take parts of
several, or to make other adaptations
of these suggestions.
A Progressive Review.—To carry
out this review, request the scholars
a week in advance to go over all the
lessons of the quarter and note for
each of them what step in advance
was taken by the church. The schol-
ars will make lists of these "forward
steps" and these lists will be com-
pared in the class, taking one lesson
at a time, and thus reviewing its chief
polntB.
A Geographical Review.—For this
review each scholar may make an out-
line map showing the various countries
and places that were the scenes of the
quarter's lessons. Let each lesson be
located with a figure. When a lesson
Involves more than one place, repeat
the figure at each locality. Then let
the scholar make a list of the places,
by names and number, and write op-
posite ea^h a brief statement of the
principal lesson to be learned from
the event that occurred there. For
example: “Jerusalem; the first
church council, teaching the value of
frank and brotherly discussion of
differences.”
A Characterizations Review.—This
review will take up the various per-
sons that have entered into our quar-
ter’s lessons. Each scholar will be
asked to write brief characterizations
of all these persons. These will be
read and compared in the class, one
character at a time. They should be
quite brief, often hardly more than a
sentence. For example "John
Mark, a man of good impulses but
weak determination; he made one
great failure, but he also made a
great recovery.”
A Central Texts Review.—Ask the
scholars to go over the lessons at
home and select for each of them the
verse that they think best embodies
the spirit and thought of the lesson.
Tell them in every case to use the
entire lesson, and not merely the
verses that are printed in the quarter-
lies and lesson-leaves. The discus- j
Blon of these different choices in the
class, and the fixing on a final choice,
will constitute a thoughtful review-.
A Christian-Life Review.—Each les-
son of the quarter has some strong
teaching on the conduct of life. It
will make an inspiring review if you
set the scholars to framing lists, at
home, of these teachings, at least one
for every lesson, and then compare
the results in the class. For example,
the Christian-life teaching of Lc-bsod
V., Paul in Cyprus, would be consid-
ered by some to be the duty of mis-
sionary activity; by others, the folly
of opposing Christian work; by others,
the blindness of the soul, like Elymas’
physical blindness, which comes upon
all that, set themselves in opposition
to the truths of the Gospel.
A Problems Review.—This would be
a good form for the review to take in
adult classes. Let the teacher ^raw
up a list of problems connected with
the various lessons, perhaps one for
each lesson, and preferably the prob-
lems that arose In the class discus-
sions and were not satisfactorily set-
tled at the time. Read the list to the
class slowly, calling for volunteers to
assume the responsibility of leading
the class, on the next Sunday, In the |
discussion of these problems. Here is
a suggested list: Lesson I. Should a
ess Sadoma, groat mother of thw AF
bariiue line.
Bays the Grouch.
Women can make er break a man,
an’ when it’s leap year she gn'My
snakes him first an' breaks him after*
■ward.—Los Angeles Express.
Knew It all the Time.
Cocaine is pronounced ko-knh-in,
accent on the first syllable; not ko-
kain, accent on the lost syllable,
i Paresis is pronounced pa-re-s4s, abort
a, accent on the first syllable; not
par-e-sis, kine e, accent on second syl-
lable. And, by the way, why do peo-
ple say tre-nicn-jus instead of tre-
men-dus?—St. Haul (Minn.) Dispatch.
Those Hats.
A teacher of physical culture says
the European peasant women are
blessed with health and strength be-
cause of the exercise they get in carry-
ing heavy basket* on their heads.
How strong our fashionable women
ought to get this spring!—New York
Herald.
Character Indispensable.
Talent helps a men to obtain auo-
cess, but it is character which se-
cures it for him. A man will succeed
with character and very little talent,
and will never succeed without char-
acter, whatever talent ho may have at
his disposal.—Max O'Reil.
Know When to 8top,
Talking is like playing the harp.
There is as much in laying the band
on the strings to stop their vibration
as in twanging them to bring out the
music.—Holmes.
Youngest Great-Grandmother.
Mme. Edna BertoneWe, a semstresa
in the Quarter Montmarte, Paris, is
held to be the youngest great-grand-
mother in the world . She was mar-
ried at the age of 14, and her first child
a girl, married at the same early age.
When Edna was 31 she wag grand-
mother. Her grandson married at 17
a young woman a few days his junior.
On her forty-eighth birthday Mme.
Bertonelle was a great grandmother.
STAIRWAY FOR WIRE FENCE.
End View.
for preserving corn. The accompany-
ing illustration shows the kind of lath
w hich may be used.
Remedy for Halter-Breaking.
Causes of Bad Stands.
Poor seed, improperly prepared
land, and deep planting are the causes
of bad fiUinds.
The us a of the tooth harrow just
before planting and again as soon as
the cotton or corn Is up to a stand is { forelegs from under the animal.
an cixeilent
cate.
practice.—Union Adve
A troublesome habit is that of
halter-breaking. Once a horse finds it
can break the halter it is everlasting
at the Job. To cure the habit is not
nearly so easy as to prevent the
horse from learning it Horses that
are inclined to pull ami break their
halters when fastened in fhe stail
have often been cured in the follow-
ing way: Two straps are lightly at-
tached to a rope which passes through
a ring fastened in the end of the
halter strap. The halter strap passes
through a ring in the stall. if a
horse endeavors to go back war*'.* the
greater is the tendency to draw the
A
This makes it easy
barbed wire fence.
Christians? Lesson II. Why are not
all Gods saints delivered from their
prisons? Lesson III. What really
converted Saul? Lesson IV. Why are
not all our modern churches as vigor-
ous as that at Antioch? Lesson V.
Why was the Gospel confirmed by
miracles in Paul’s day, and why is it
not confirmed in the same way to-
day? Lesson VI. What was the
secret of the effectiveness of Paul’s
preaching? Lesson VII. Would Paul
and Barnabas have been justified in
using the homage of the people for
the greater influence of the Gospel?
Lesson VIII. The decision of the
council was a compromise.
A Peter-Paul Review.—This form of
review would be excellent for the
primary department. Let all the les-
sons be grouped about Peter and
Paul, the two leading characters.
Make it a review of Peter’s life, as far
back as his call to be a disciple. The j
best way, perhays, is to draw on the j
blackboard (or on large sheets of pa-
per) a series of frames, each to hold
“a “picture” of one scene in Peter's j
life or Paul's. This "picture” will be j
indicated by a few words written as
the children recall the scene, such as
Peter walking on the waves,” “Peter j
by the fire in the courtyard." "Paul !
facing Elymas,” "James writing his
epistle," "A procession of heroes."
Air's Weight.
There is no uniform weight for air.
For instance, saw the weight of a c*-
bic foot of air at sea level is 1,700
grains, the pressur ©removed say, by
Its elevation to an altitude of 10,000
feet, its weight would be about half
of 1,700 grains. In other wonts, the
cubic foot, at tern or twelve thousand
feet above the sea, would expand 8*
each of about 8!>1)
grains weight.
»
A Town of Fresh Surprise.
Meissen is a town of crooked streets
that wind about delightfully in its
depths am«l suddenly climb the heights
on each hand—a town with a fresh
surprise of architecture, of costume or
x>f landscape at every turn. One is
constantly finding ,»wne landing
whence ancient walled steps shoot up
on the one hand to the burg and down
on the other hand to the river.—From
Robert Haven Schmiffler’s “Romantic
Germany,” in Century.
Stramoline
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Ask us about it. Write or call. Kills
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The Stramoline Co.
3 N. Harvey St. Oklahoma City. Okla.
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If health and vigor you would
insure
USE CHOCTAW FLOUR
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All Good Grocers Sell It.
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Send for Sari pin
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ROOFING
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SPECIAL SUMMER RATE TEH WEEKS $15
COMMENCING JUNE 1ST
HiH’i Botinei* Collect, Oklahoma City, Okie.
to get over a
few attempts will cure even the worst
halter-puller.
Transplant in Evening.
In transplanting any vegetabl#
plants let it be done in the evening b
possible. Press the soil firmly abou
the roots and water well. If after the
water disappears dry earth is covered
over the wet it will prevent baking
of the soil about (he roots when the
aua come* cut next day.
Our Resources.
With the resources of a bank ac-
count, no man need starve. Is It not
more sublimely true that the Christian
has the resources of the Eternal at bis
I command ? He can have at will that
i with which to procure peace, joy and
rest. With the noise and strife of the
earthly battle waging around him. the
j Christian can stop, If he will, and hear
instead thereof “the deep and musical
sound of the ocean of eternity and see
the lights of heaven shining on its
waters still xr-d i*.'.* Hi their radiant
j reaL”
New York Star Clean-
ings. Dye Works 5B'LK
OSTRICH FEATHER Dyeing and Owning a
•penalty. Mail and express orders solicited.
JOSLYN ENG. CO,
Cult of
all kinds
i 216 West Grand Avenue, Oklahoma City. Okla.
SCHOOL AND CHURCH FURNiTUR
! opou cM*iB5Airn smnoi cnrri.iFs *•$>*. m
* it>jet*«**ar»e* Bseryttem* Used is a khr«l Hm»«»
« |m fit*:** an-i terms. Jjbl’EK MFES (Jkkboiu City.
DEERE IMPLEM
and VELIE VEHICLES
i OR JOHI DEERE PLOW CO, OKLAHOMA
-
*
/a.,
'Tj.
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Nixon, R. W. The Spencer Siftings (Spencer, Okla.), Vol. 2, No. 13, Ed. 1 Saturday, June 19, 1909, newspaper, June 19, 1909; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc936916/m1/2/: accessed April 24, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.