Wheatland Weekly Watchword (Wheatland, Okla.), Vol. 2, No. 10, Ed. 1 Saturday, July 24, 1909 Page: 2 of 8
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IMMENSE AMOUNT DAMAGE
DONE BY PEAR SLUG
iMTts of Cherry end Pear Trees Attacked by this Insect
In Iowa and Plant Is Often Left
Entirely Bare.
Lest summer many cherry trees in
various parts ot Iowa were stripped
of their loaves by a dull slimy slug.
I’ear trees also are attacked by this
pest, perhaps even more than cherry
trees, hence the common name ot tho
insect. This slug feeds on the upper
surface of the leaves, not eating boles
through them, but taking only the up*
per portion and leaving the veins bare.
Leaves thus eaten by the slugs dry
and fall from the tree and frequently
leave the trees entirely bare of foliage.
In Iowa these slugs appear twice
during the season. The first brood
appears In June and the slugs be-
come full grown early in July, while
senate of lead, 2 or 3 pounds to 50
gallons of water, will do the work
even better than parts green, and Is
preferable where It can be obtained
easily. Hellebore, applied dry, or in
a small quantity of water, is also very
effective In killing the slugs.
The first brood of the slugs Is rather
short lived. It requires only about
a month from the egg stage to tho
time the slug matures. During most
of the time while It is feeding the
•iug is covered with a slimy sub-
stance, but at the last change of skin
the slime Is thrown off, and the slug
becomes a light orange color, clean
and dry. After this molt the slug
VL—
11
ew -■ '*'"«»*•" ■■'*** • • - W-
A fur Slug Iftlargttf.
a, adult saw-fly, tamale; b. slug with slime, removed; e, slug la normal
f stela; d, leaves with slogs, natural aise; a, b, c, much enlarged, i
Ike apeoed based conies on duftaft the
• otaUte of .
on tee nppor
bo lu-
nar
trass the parts green may
mixed with air risked
mr; 1 port'of the parts
or riots parte of the other
Vbr a Uquid spray, parts
at tea rate of 14 or 1-4 pound
to M (aliens at water vtll do the
work, adding about a pound of qulck-
laaM to each barrel of water to pre-
vent any burning of the leaves. Ar-
K SHAGS PROPERLY
1 HANDLED HELPFUL
etly Put
May Be 1
J§K§
■Jui
41 s
:| 1
M'M
i 'i
■Has have been abandoned In many
eases because the milk became so
badly tainted as to become unsalable.
If the creameries and cheese factories j
ware as particular as they should be
they would condemn a great deal of
milk that Is now accepted from silage-
fed herds.
Tbla ia not the fault of the allege; It
la the fault of tbs man wbo bandies It.
(tinge baa a very penetrative odor,
which is taken up very quickly by
milk. If allege la fed before milking
the milk la quite certain to become
tainted. If the milk is allowed to stand
a few minutes la the barn after milk-
ing and allege la fed while tbe cans
are around, tbs mlik will be
tainted.
If tbe stable Is not ventilated or Is
poorly ventilated the allege odors will
linger In the stable and taint the milk.
In an uaventflated stable the stable It-
self will la time become saturated or
permeated with the silage odor and
will taint the milk, no matter how the
silage ia bandied.
The corn Is frequently cut Into tbe
silo too green, which makes very sour
silage, with a strong odor. The silage
ia frequently carelessly handled in the
stable; It la scattered through tbe
alloys sad allowed to remain on tbe
floors. In such Instances the stable
will be scented with tbs silage and
tbe milk will be tainted.
If good results are expected, from
silage it must be properly handled in
tho stable, first, silage must be fed
only after milking. Second, tbe floors
must be kept clean and no silage
allowed to accumnlate ia tbe alleys.
* Third, there should not be more
I allege fad than the stock will clear up
at suce. Fourth, the stable must be
well ventilated. Fifth, corn should
be cut In too green. Rlxtb, don't
moldy silage.
ran the foregoing It will be seen
Farmers9 Educational
and Co-OperatiTe
Union of America
Edkad aad CaaAritetad hr
W A. MORGAN.
Iprtntf.M.Mliiwt.
goes into tbe ground. Here it forms
n cell in the earth, within which li
changes to the pupa, or resting stage,
and the adult fly emerges in about
IS to 15 days after the slug has en
the soil.
flies which lay the eggs for
tbe next brood ot slugs are rather
small black Insects, about n fifth ot
an Inch long and with four wings.
The eggs era laid in tiny pockets
mode by the flies In the under sides
of tbs leaves. These eggs batch and
the second brood of the slugs work
on the trees during August and when
they become full grown go to tbs
ground. During tbe winter tbe slugs
of this second brood may be found In
their cells beneath tbe trees which
wars infested by them in the summer
time. Tbe pear, cherry, plum and
quince are tbe trees which are moat
attacked by these slugs.
SOIL BENEFITED
BY ALFALFA CROP
or Four Cuttings During
Sanson Enrtchn It.
When a plant furnishes an abundant
crop, such as alfalfa, with Unto* or
four cutting during a single season, it
is hut natural to think that it will
greatly exhaust the soil. Nothing is
more erroneous. Instead of taking
strength away from the soil it puts
more into It; instead of exhausting it,
tbe fertility ia Increased, The pene-
trating powers of alfalfa roots are
well known. The roots are constantly
growing and decaying, thus adding to
the “humus" of the soil. The strongest
point in favor of alfalfa as a soil Im-
prover It Its remarkable nitrogen
gathering ability. The roots ot al-
falfa are full of the amall nitrogen
tubercles which represent bottled up
vitality to plant life and it has been
proven by frequent experiments that
Increased yields were tbe rule when
plantings of any kind of crops had
been made on ground Infected with ni-
trogen bacteria.
Under these circumstances the
“spread of Alfalfa fever” is no wonder.
With splendid crops of highest priced
hay on top of the ground, with the
roots working as perfectly natural fer-
tilizers under the ground, farmers can
do nothing better than to plant alfalfa.
The truth of this statement may be
realised and verified if one but takes
time to look up statistics and reads
about the marvelous increase in the
acreage of alfalfa. In Kansas alone
tbe acres sown to alfalfa increased
from approximately 35.000 acres ia
1801 to more than 743,000 acres la
1007. It la safe to say that since then
the acreage baa Increased in propor-
tion, and other states are falling la
line.'—A. Kruhm.
Organisation wtU increase the prof-
its of farming.
Try to contract the habit of writing
letters to your hired man in tbe leg-
islature.
Don’t expect too much of an organ-
isation to which you are contributing
little or nothing yourself.
There may not be so much bluster,
but there ia more real business being
done now by the Farmers' union than
aver.
Try a big bunch of farmers in tbe
legislature. If they don't do better
than tbe lawyers have done, turn’
them out and try another bunch.
When one federal judge can turn
down a law which it took congress
nearly a year to digest and pass, and
another one to nullify a law made by
the state legislature, what are you
going to do about it?
Every family that leaves the farm
and goes to the city not only de-
creases the supply of farm products, but
increases tbe demand and the price.
This is one consolation for those wbo
are satisfied to remain on the farm.
One of tbe greatest co-operative en-
terprises now being organized by the
Farmers’ union is a great warehouse
company in Mississippi. It Is capital-
Ixd at a million dollars and is located
at Jackson, the state capital. It will
sell cotton direct to the spinners.
Those who do a*.. produce what
they eat and wear take toll in some
way from the products of those who
do produce. Aa a very large portion
of people are not farmers various
schemes of exacting toll have been
devised, some of which are no less than
robbery.
There are those who think the farm-
ers are not capable of sustaining an
organisation, and point to the alliance
and grange aa failures. The alliance
and grange served as helps in tbe
organization of tbe Farmers’, union.
They pointed out tbe pitfalls to be
avoided.
Diversification of crops will de-
crease the acreage of cotton and re-
duce the supply. This will have the
effect of increasing tbe price, so that
tbe farmer wbo practices this method
will not only save by raising his own
living at home, but will receive as
much more for what cotton he does
raise.
UW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
ECONOMY AS TO AGRICULTURE
w-mm
Flour by any other name would
smell as wheat—to the aborts.
HORTICULTURE
Tribute to California Cherries.
A prominent French manufacturer
of glace fruits admits that the cher-
ries of California are at least as good
In quaity aa the French varieties.
properly
most
Knap*
Thera is Profit In gaga.
Twenty-five cents’ worth of saga seed
will furnish about 1,000 plants. Enough
sage can be picked the first year to
pay for all the labor of sowing and
Ing the sage. Early in the spring
plants should be removed, set In
i three feet apart one way and
that distance the other. If the
are planted in good soil and
properly cultivated they can be picked
three times each year for several
yearn
Farmers Must Organize te Regulate
the Price of Articles Naadad
in (vary Oay Life.
It is a well-know fact that the pro-
ducer or producers of an article need-
ed in every day life practically make
the price. The law of supply and de-
mand are still operative, but are both
subject to the control of * the one
power. These laws are only effective
in a condition of unrestricted trade.
Where the product Is subject to the
control of one person, corporation, nr
organization, that power can make the
price. Whatever produces a scarcity
on the market will result In higher
prices. Thus, If there is a light wheat
crop we look for higher prices. The
output of coal is intentionally lim-
ited in order to maintain prices. The
power to limit production may be
natural or artificial. Thus we find
that in the recent "corner" on wheat
that both of these conditions existed.
There was a natural scarcity and this
was taken advantage of by speculators
who bought most of wbat was In
sight in order to force prices still
higher. The natural laws which gov-
ern trade have been perverted by
tbe speculators who stand on the
highways of commercialism and de-
mand tribute from everything that
passes by. This toll must be borne
by both the producer and consumer.
The United States Is the most pro-
ductive country In the world, and the
producing classes ought to be the
most prosperous. But our system of
distribution is defective. There are
too many agents between the produc-
er and consumer to levy toll on prod-
nets in transit. These commercial
classes are organized. The unorgan-
ised farmer baa Uttle chance to cope
with them. If be refuses to sell to
tbe middlemen nt home and ships bit
produce tbe railroad and express com-
panies demand extortionate prices for
leas than car-load lots, and the com-
mission men “hold him up" at the
other end of tbe line.
To overcome these difficulties the
termers must organise. They must
themselves control the law of supply
and damnnd. They must build ware-
houses and store the products of their
farms until such times as the market
will justify selling. They must get
In closer touch with tbe consumer.
Many of tbe middlemen, and all the
speculators, must be eliminated. They
must establish tbetr own agencies for
tbe. distribution of their products and
ship In car-load lots when possible.
They must diversify their crops io as
not to over-produce one and under
produce another. Tkcjr must act to-
gether In both buying and selling.
Until they do this they will find theni-
selves at a wonderful disadvantage
with the organised classes with whom
they now deal.
Dr. B- F. Ward Dlaauaaaa Question as
It Ralataa to Forming—Far
Reaching Science.
Tbe Mississippi Union Advocate
publishes aa article relating to the
economy of farming, which ia in part
as follows:
While Industry is the motive power,
economy ia the machinery of prosper-
ity in every undertaking In life. Econ-
omy baa bean defined as “the growth
of experience, example and fore-
thought.” Ruskin. said “Economy no
more means saving money than it
means spending money. It means the
administration of a home; its steward-
ship; spending or saving, that is
whether poney or time, or anything
else, to tbe best possible advantage."
Economy la a science and when ap-
plied to agriculture. It la tbe moet far
reaching and comprehensive of all tbe
sciences. The banker, tbe merchant,
the manufacturer, tbe mechanic, the
lawyer, and the doctor all study and
practice economy as a specialty, and
develop it to the highest degree of
perfection along special and definite
lines. They become very accomplished
and successful economists because
they devote their talents and energies
to the economics of a single industry.
With the farmers it is different. The
economy of agriculture covers such a
wide range and embraces so many
different lines of action and involves
such various and conflicting condi-
tions that it is difficult to study and
practice all of them in successful de-
tail. We once heard a very successful
farmer say that the finest economy in
the world was a judicious expenditure
of money putting a hard-earned dollar
where it would be most apt to come
back and bring with it a handsome
profit.
No science draws so heavily and so
constantly upon the reasoning facul-
ties as the economy of agriculture.
Let the brightest and brainiest boy in
the family be trained for agriculture.
It requires more talent to farm suc-
cessfully than to merchandise, prac-
tice law, or medicine, or teach or
preach. Farming does not simply
mean bard labor it means the capacity
to master the intricate science of agri-
cultural economy. That is what the
Farmers’ union is striving to do, its
purpose is to educate the present and
future generations in the economy of
this moot noble of all avocations in
order that it may be able to hold Its
own In competition with all other
lines of industry which are constantly
in this progressive age growing more
acute and vigorous and more formid-
able by reason of a diligent applica-
tion of their energies to the economy
of each line of competing industry.
Tbe world Is on the march, man Is
selfish In whatever enterprise we find
him. We can expect nothing from
the generosity of others, we must take
care of ourselves. When we are
strong we will be respected, by the
soldiers In the army of every other
industry.
All this will take time, patience and
perseverance. We cannot effect a
revolution In one year. All great and
permanent reformations are of slow
growth and it is fortunate that they
are. It Is prolonged effort of mind
and body that brings mental, moral
and physical vigor to the generations
of men.
Raising Home Supplies.
Wo have time and again tried to
Impress upon our readers the neces-
sity of raising home supplies, espe-
cially for the present year. The man
who plants his entire crop in cotton,
is the man who will be seriously in
jured by so doing.
The battle for better prices in cot
ton is not yet over. We have won ad-
vantageous ground in many respects,
but the enemy will not surrender, nor
have they left the field in disorder.
They have simply retired to prepare
for a terrible engagement. The mem-
bers of the Farmers’ union, as well
as the farmers who are not mem-
bers, must prepare themselves for one
of the hardest fought battles that has
ever been known In the commercial
world. This will not be the bottle of
tbe few railroad officials against oth-
er railroad officials, but it will be the
battle of thousands of farmers with
millions of bales of cotton, against
hundreds of speculators with hun-
dreds of millions of dollars backing
them.
Tbe conflicts in which Napoleon
was the champion, and the great bat-
tles between the confederate and
union armies were but the mere
training, the mere preparation for
battle, as compared with the conflict
that Is now confronting the southern
farmer.
(ball we appeal to you in vain? We
trust not. We hope that tbe fanners
of the south in the past four years
have learned a lesson which will not
be forgotten by them and that they
will be equal to the emergency of the
situation confronting them the com-
ing season snd be prepared.—Union
News.
Storing Hubbard Squash.
Prof, (tusrt of tbe Vermont experi-
ment station stored, on October 3, one
ton of Hubbsrd squashes, fresh from
the field. In s dry room, with s tem-
perature varying from 50 to 60 de-
grees. After four months, on Feb
ruary 3, the squashes were examined
and weighed. There were left 1.468
pounds of sound squashes, showing a
moisture loss of 20.8 per cent, and a
loss from decay of 4.8 per cent. These
particular squashes sold at a much
higher price than they would have
earlier in the season, and thus cov-
ered the storage loss and gave a big
ger profit than would have been other
wise secured.—Country Gentleman.
PRUNING MATURE FRUIT TREE
One Should Know Something of Physi-
ology of Tree and Use Good
Tools.
To be an Intelligent praner one must
know something or plant physiology.
He should know the effects produced
by pruning at different seasons of the
year, how to make t cut that will heal
most readily, and the Influence of
pruning on the fruit bearing habit of
the tree, writes Prof. O. B. Whipple of
the Colorado experiment station. It
is generally conceded that pruning
during the dormant season incites
wood growth, while pruning during the
growing season promotes frultfuiness;
and. since our trees tend to overbear,
it is logical for ua to prune during
the dormant season.
Although it Is said that pruning dur-
ing the summer season may encour-
age the formation of fruit buds on
tardy bearing varieties, it may have
the opposite effect, unless done at tbe
proper time, and may cause late
An Exaggerated Type of Open Head,
growth and unfruttfulness. To give
tbe desired results one must summer-
prune shortly before tbe season of
growth ends; earlier pruning starts
new growth, while late pruning gives
no results. The benefit derived from
summer pruning seems to depend upon
the ability , of the pruner to prune at
a time to bring about early maturity
In an irrigated section where soil condi
tions are easily controlled, the same end
may, no doubt, be more easily attained
by proper manipulation of tbe irrlga
tion water.
Every pruner should be furnished
with good tools; good tools encourage
him to do good work. This does not
necessarily mean that he must have
every tool on the market, many ot
them are useless; it does mean, how-
ever, that the ax and a dull saw have
no place in tbe catalogue of pruning
tools. The pruner needs a good saw,
a good pair of light shears, a pair of
heavy shears, possibly a good heavy
knife, and. of course, a good ladder.
Two common types of saws are found
Pear Tree Improperly Headed In.
on the market Tbe common saw with
teeth on both edges Is a good, cheap
oae and will answer the purpose in
many cases.
A discussion of tbe amount of prun-
ing required by different varieties
could almost as well be Introduced as
those on the pruning of different kinds
•t fruit trees. Yet the growth of
the tree, and necessarily the pruning,
depends much upon soil conditions;
and, while It might, be possible, it
would hardly be safe to lay down
definite rules for the pruning of any
particular variety. Both the WInesap
and Missouri (Pippin) may be classed
as prolific varieties that require se-
vere pruning. The Jonathan, at tbe
age of 11 or 12 years, almost invari-
ably begins to grow spindling in tbe
top and requires frequent cutting back.
In the general growth and fruiting
habit of tbe tree tne apricot occupies
a position between the cherry snd the
peach. The fruit buds are developed
In the axils of leaves on both shortened
spur-like twigs and tbe stronger grow-
ing new wood. These fruiting spurs
of the apricot differ from those of
tbe cherry In that they develop no
true terminal buds.
The manner of pruning cherries will
depend somewhat on the variety, but
the general plan should be to keep
tbe rruitlng area of tbe tree as near
the ground as possible; to shade the
trunk, to prevent sun-scald, and to en-
courage the growth of fruiting wood
throughout the entire top. The sweet
and semi-sweet varieties are upright
growers and will need some heading
te to keep them within bounds.
Keep Moths Away.
-Sprinkle black pepper on the hot.
tom of buReau drawers ithen cover
with newspaper. You will have no
trouble with mice or moths.
Wise Advise.
Endeavor to be always patient of
tbe faults and imperfections of othora,
for thou bast many faults and imper-
fections of thine own tbat require m
reciprocation of forbearance. If thou
art not able to make thyself tbat
which thou wished to be, bow const
thou expect to mold another in con-
formity to thy will?—Thoa. Kempte.
Novel Use for German Soldiers.
A curious role falls to the lot of
the private soldier who may be quar-
tered in tbe garrison at Heidelberg,
Inasmuch as it seems to be expected
tbat any private may be brought into
requisition as an object for study by
tee students of anatomy at the uni-
versity.—Tbe Sunday Magazine.
The Woman Beautiful.
A woman who would be beautiful
should avoid worry and anger, for It is
a well-known fact that they write find,
tines, which deepen into wrinkles, on
the face. A season of rest and free-
dom from violent emotions will do
more to efface them than all the toilet
creams ever invented.
A Smoking Suggestion.
Tbe child saw Mr. Smith, wearing
a silk hat and emokiag a cigar, go
past the house. “Mama,” said she,
“why doesn't Mr. Smith fix the
draught so’s the smoke’ll go up his
chimney?”—Town and Country.
Keep Honey in Dark.
Keep honey In the dark, as it quiok-
ly granulates if allowed to stand to
the light. Also -keep it in a covered
dish, as its sticky surface attracts
and bolda duet In the air.
To Keep Shoe Lace Tied.
A way to keep the shoe lace tied
is to make a bow in the ordinary way,
teen Insert a button hook underneath
the center of the bow and draw one
loop and one end through under-
neath), thus turning the bow practic-
ally upside down. Or draw one loop
through tbe other and pull the “an-
swering" end, so that the loops are
knotted.
Msrsly Local.
Young Thomas, afflicted with a
green apple pain In his midst, thus ex-
plained bis condition to his mother:
“Mother, I’ve got an awful bad pain
right In tee middle ot my stomach
but the rest of me feels fine.”—Lippin-
cott’s.
The Jew In History.
Lon? before -Socrates taught phllos.
ophy, or before Herodotus wrote his-
tory, Israel bad an organised civiliza-
tion. It has literature before most na-
tions had letters, and art while other
nations knew only war and savagery.
Draper says that “they (the Jews)
were our factors and bankers before
we knew how to read.”
Soldiers Brought In Train.
In August. 1900, during the journeys
of a company of Austrian engineers
from Vienna to Triest, the engineer
of the train by some mischance fell
from the engine on the track and was
killed, while the fireman under stress
of his emotion, fainted away. The
soldiers at once took charge of the
train; and, as a tribute to their ver-
satility, it may be added that they got
it into Thlest five minutes ahead of the
schedule time.—The Sunday Maga-
zine.
Clothing and Temperature
The whole theory of clothing and its
relation to temperature la condensed
by Dr. Wachenfaeim in the following
paragraph, which will probably sug-
gest where many mlsterious colds
come from: “Tbe nude body of a
healthy sdult, when at rest, maintains
its normal warmth of 99 degrees most
easily at an air temperature of aboet
80 this may be called the indifferent
temperature, and Is reduced by very
light summer clothing to about 75, by
heavy winter dress to about Ci> de-
grees under these circumstance* we
feel just comfortable when lying down
or otherwise Inactive.”
OKLAHOMA DIRECTOIY
Sm4 tm Aafto
ROOFING
nmI trm MovMlr.
9irm us »MBo of
F«rMw IluffikM
teulor. Bod mu>
FREE
Tte OKLAHOMA SASH A 0001 COteANT
H.«. Pwfco. PwSIm. OMilM.aw.PAX
MONUEMNTS
is ill
Call ar wrtta
SCHOOL AND CHURCH FURNITURE
ernu auiVASD nhool xum-ujs.
U,.u-.cri... E-*i,!!>:■'( t wl'm", ''«na
JISI-IR S1FX- Ot,
fur prices so l terms
rss* reere implemeits
•ndVELIE VEHICLES** yowdealw
Nuwum—cf,(iuwtecni
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Thiessen, O. F. Wheatland Weekly Watchword (Wheatland, Okla.), Vol. 2, No. 10, Ed. 1 Saturday, July 24, 1909, newspaper, July 24, 1909; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc936399/m1/2/: accessed April 18, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.