Oklahoma Agriculturist (El Reno, Okla.), Vol. 1, No. 23, Ed. 1 Thursday, February 14, 1907 Page: 1 of 12
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OKLAHOMA AGRICULTURIST
VOLUME 1.
EL RENO, OKLAHOMA, THURSDAY FEBRUARY 14, 1907
NUMBER 23
PROTECTION AGAINST PLANT
DISEASES AND INSECTS
BULLETIN No. 140.
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Stillwater, Okla.
Plant disease and insects are doing
so much damage to tho orchards and
gardens in Oklahoma, that, it has be-
come necessary to protect the paints
by some artificial means. The meth-
od of destroying the disease and
wormy fruit and foliage is of great,
value if persistently carried out. This
cannot be done in so thorough a man-
ner, however, as to destroy all the
disease and insects present, and a
few left over tand those that will
come from neighbmoring farms will
produce a dangerous number next
year. The cheapest and most prac-
tical method of protecting tho plants
from disease and insects is spraying.
Tho ideal method is to spray thor-
oughly and then destroy all diseased
fruit, leaves and trash about the or-
chard and garden. Either method is
good when used alone and the value
of each is greatly increased when
used together.
Spraying solutions are divided into
Iwo general classes. Those designed
to prevent the attacks and fungus
diseases are called fungicides, and
those designed to destroy or prevent
the attacks are called insecticides.
Fungicides protect the plants by
preventing the fungus from gaining
a foothold on the plants. The solu-
tions are composed of materials that
destroy the germinating spores where
it comes in contact with them . The
copper and sulphur compounds are
the most effective materials used in
these solutions. Most of the fungus
diseases of plants that can be pre-
vented by spraying is produced in
the spring and summer and germin-
ates soon after maturity. If the spores
find lodgment on tender parts of the
plant and a favorable amount of heat
and moisture is present germination
growth, and fruiting goes on during
the spring and summer. Late in the
season another kind of spore is pro-
duced, which is capable of passing
through the winter and germinating
the following spring. The germat.
ing spore sends tho roots directlv in-
to the tissue of the plant, unless it is
a surface growing fungus , in which
case the roots spread over tho surface
of the plant. If the plants are cover-
ed with a good fungicide when the
spores germinate the spores will be
killed.
There are two general classes of
insecticides . The first class of mix-
tures containing some poisonious sub-
stance that kills the insects when it
is eaten with the foliage or fruit on
which it is lodged. Paris green, Lon-
don purple, and white hellebore are
the poisonious materials most gener-
ally used in these mixtures. These
mixtures are effectual only in de-
stroying those insects that eat the fol
iage or fruit of the plants, and are
harmless to the insect that sucks the
juice of the plant.
The other class of insecticides
kills the insects by coming in contact
with the body. Kerosene emulsion,
whale oil soap, and pyrethrum powd-
er are the most common materials
used in these mixtures. Mixtures of
this class are used chiefly to destroy
those insects that suck the juice of
the plant and cannot be destroyed
with poisons. Tho poisonous insec-
ticides may bo mixed with fungicides
and applied all in one spraying, but
other insecticides must be applied
separately.
The fungicides and insecticides, if
terial on them when placed on the
market.
There are several kinds of spray
pumps on the market that can be pur.
chased for eight to twelve dollars
that will do all the work on an aver-
age farm . The best form of pump for
the ordinary farm orchard is a com-
pact strong barrel pump. It should
have a good sized air chamber and be
capable of throwing a good quantity
of water with great force . The
working parts should be made ot
brass and if all parts of the pump
that come in contact with the liquid
are of brass the life of the pump will
be greatly increased. Agitator at-
tachments can be purchased as a part
of the pump or as separate machines.
These atachment aro very convenient
but are not necessary; the agitation
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“SWEET MARY.”
By P. P. DUFFY
Carnations have their odor sweet,
Tho lilly proud, effulgent bloom,
With nectar is the rose replete,
The violets laden with perfume:
The fairest flower that ever grew,
And lives in sweetest memory,
purer by far than drops of dew,
The dearest in the world to me,
—Sweet Mary.
Each simple plant, each simple flower,
Whose strength may vanish in a night:
Yet. even supernatural power
Will ne’er succeed that name to blight
Nebraska’s cheerless winds may blow.
The grasses dead may bend and wave.
But ever green those petals grow,
So watchful o’er her child-like grave,
—Sweet Mary.
Mary—'twas my mother’s name,
So like her tendril innocence:
Then Death’s unwelcome angel came
And bore her to her recompense.
Queens may be crowned with titles fair,
Or men be honored for their lore:
There is no name that can compare
With that my sainted mother bore,
—Sweet Mary.
properly applied and prepared have
no effect upon the plants. If the
mixtures are not properly prepared
and applied they do not form the de-
sired protection to the plants and
may damage the foliage and fruit.
There is never enough poison on the
well sprayed fruits and plants to al-
ter their value for food. Most fruits
and prepared before eating and all
sedition of the spraying material re-
moved. In the case of fruits that
are not pared before eating, as
grapes, a person would have to cat
from 350 to 500 pounds to get a small
dose of poison. It will always injure
the sale of such fruits, however, if
there are any signs of spraying ma.
of the liquid may be done by hand
with a board.
The pumps should be supplied
with about fifteen or twenty feet of
one-half or three-quarter inch rubber
hose for each nozzle attached. A
good length of hose saves a great deal
of trouble and time about reaching
all parts of trees and vines.
The nozzle should make a tine
spray and be able to throw it several
feet. There are two well defined
group of nozzles now in use. The
first, group forms a spray by forcing
tho liquid against an obstruction at
the outlet of the nozzle. Theso noz-
zels thrown fan shaped spray and
can be adjusted to throw a very fine
spray or as coarse a spray as may be
desired, or even a solid stream. These
nozzles are easily opened and cleared
of any clogging material that may
lodge in them, by adjusting them to
throw a solid stream. This form of
nozzel is best adopted for general
use.
The second group of nozzles gives
the liquid a strong rotary motion just
before it loaves the nozzle. This
causes the liquid to form a funnel
shaped spray. These nozzles form a
very tine spray and for applying liq-
uids that are not liable to clog are
a very good form.
The spraying must be well done of
it is to be of any value. Slipshod
work will never pay. It is just so
much time and material used and
still the plants are not protected. The
liquid must be applied in the form
of a very tine mist or spray. If the
liquid is thrown on the plants in
large drops it collects and runs off.
but if thrown on in a fine mist the
foliage and fruit can be wet on al!
sides and but little liquid reach the
ground. The liquid must be applied
from every direction so that all parts
of the foliage and young shoots will
be wet. If the top of the tree is very
dense the nozzel should be held in
the center and the spray thrown in
every direction. The work can not
be done in a hard wind. Tho side of
the plant next to the wind will be
washed and the opposite side show
little signs of tho spray. The greater
the power applied to the pump the
beter tho form of spray throw’n by the
nozzle.
Spraying is a preventative and not
a remedy. There are a few fungus
diseases that can bo destroyed by
spraying but they can also be pro
vented by the same operation. The.
damage done by a disease or by an
insect can be repaired only by the
plant itself, and such work can be
done to protect it from further dam-
age is about all that can bo done for
it. Tho spraying should be done
early and the protection made ipm.
plete before the diseases and the in-
sects appear. The first spraying
should be done in tho orchard, vine-
yard, and berry patches just before
the growth starts in tho spring. The
second application should be made
ten days or two weeks after the first
and the third about two weeks after
the second. If tho orchard or vines
are badly infested a fourth applica-
tion should be made about two
weeks after the third. If an applica-
tion is followed immediately after a
hard rain the application should be
repeated as soon as possible. If this
plan is folowed and tho work is well
done with properly prepared mixtures
there will seldom bo any need of fur-
ther attention in this direction dur-
ing tho season. The solutions used
in these sprayings should be com-
bined fungicide and insecticide, pre.
(Continued on Page 7) .
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Duffey, P. P. Oklahoma Agriculturist (El Reno, Okla.), Vol. 1, No. 23, Ed. 1 Thursday, February 14, 1907, newspaper, February 14, 1907; (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc912017/m1/1/: accessed April 24, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.