The Leader Tribune (Laverne, Okla.), Vol. 12, No. 14, Ed. 1 Friday, October 5, 1923 Page: 4 of 10
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to LAVK1NK LKADSK*
OKLAHOMA
Discovery of the Seult by Brule Celebrated
Conflagration Raging in Tokyo After the Quake
ojibwuy Indians Joined with the wldte resUlent& of Sntilt Me. Mufie, tint., in celebrating "Discovery ween,
commemoratin'' the three hundredth Htinlversnr.v of the discovery of the Smilf by Etienne Ill-tile. One of the features
wns a production of -'Hiawatha' hv the Indians of the district. Photograph shows Indian wigwams erected on the
Shore and on adjoining Islets, and the Cairn erected hy the Dominion sites nud monutncnls hoard at the old North-
vest company s lock, unveiled hy Dr. J. II. Coyne, l*. K. S. C.
Job
New Line Constructed Between
U. S. and Europe Is the
Largest and Fastest.
New York.—During a period of al-
most three-quarters of a century tiny
strands of copper, resting In the still-
ness tint) darkness on the ocean's hed
huve been carrying tnessngcs between
Europe und North America. The elec-
trical Impulses passing over these
vires have linked the Old und the New
World. Time between the two has
been abridged to stipends and minutes,
us through the Atlantic waters flnsh
the doings and sayings of the people
on each side of the ocenn.
Few persons who send cablegrams
have any adequate conception of the
work which mast be done and the
amount of money spent before such
messngcs can be flushed from one con-
tinent to the other. The laying of tin
ocean cnble, Its manufacture and re-
pair while In service, r.my be culled
herculean feats.
This subject Is now creating Interest
for the reason that the Postal Tele-
graph-Commercinl Cnbles system the
other day took the llrst step In the lay-
ing of n new cable between the United
States and Europe. This Is said to he
the largest and fnstest In operation of
any deep-sea cable ever manufactured.
It Is the llrsji. to he laid between tills
country nnd Europe since 1010, and It
will establish the sixth tmnrmtlnntlc
circuit owged und operated by the
Mnckuy system.
Largest Cable In the World.
■ The American end of the cnble was
connected with the station at Far
Rockawny an August 26. and from that
point the cableshlp Faraday will lay
the Far Rooknway-Cnnso section,
which terminates at Cunso, Novo
Beotia. Tills entile 1ms a length of
nhout 1,000 miles. Meanwhile, the
eifbloshlp Colnnla, the largest of her
kind In the world, will begin to lay
another section of the new cnble, ubsut
1,700 miles In length, from Cnsno to
the Azores Islands.
At the Azores conaectlon will he
tnnde with cables reaching London hy
way of Watervllle, Ireland, nnd Inter
In the fall a new section of 1.546 miles
will he submerged between the Azores
nnd Hnvre, thus providing a direct cir-
cuit to France nnd the Continent.
The new cnble has the largest cop.
per conductor ever put In n long dis-
tance submarine cnble, nnd Its ntes-
snge„-rnrrylng cnpnclt.v Is snld to fnr
exceed that of any similar length. The
conductor of the main section weighs
1,100 pounds per nnutlcnl mile, ngaltist
700 pounds In the largest deep-sen
cnlileB used heretofore. The working
speed of thp new system Is expected to
he (100 letters n iplnute simultaneously
In each direction, or a full cnpuclty of
1500 letters.
The Inylng of this new cable recalls
the trials nnd linrdshlps encountered
hy Cyrus West Field when he labored
to get the first cnble across the AtlnnMc.
After the necessary survqy of the
ocenn’s lx-d had heon made In 1850 hy
the United Stntes and the Rrttlsh gov-
ernments the historic undertaking wits
begun In August, 1857, The starting
point was at Valentin, on the west
const of Ireland. After the cable ship
had covered a distance of throe miles
from shore the cable broke hectluse it
was of weak construction. In June,
1858, attempts to lay the cnble were
resumed. Time and again n start was
made, but each attempt proved unsuc-
cessful. The greatest length laid was
200 miles.
150 Word* Sant In 30 Hour*.
In spite of these' disheartening fail-
ures Field did not despair, and In July
he made another attempt. This time
the venture proved successful. The
cable reached Nova Scotia, and on
August 18, 1868, the first cablegram
jwaa lent from America to Europe,
,ThIs message waa a greeting from
President Buchanan to Quean Victoria.
It contained 100 ward* and It took
M Wrara to nnd it across. A com-
puritan of thin spaed with that sMa
day may prove Interesting. Now a
message of that number of words can
be sent to England In one und one-
quarter minutes.
The first entile across the Atlantic
was In operation until October 20, that
year, when It broke down. It was
operated by means of large Induction
colls nnd butteries with u potential
of 500 volts or more.
The next attempt to lay n cnble was
mntle in 1805. A contract for a new
line Imd been given to an English com-
pany. This cable weighed 300 pounds
to the mile Instead of 107, the weight
of the old. The Orent Eastern, a large
ocean-going steamship, was chartered
for the trip. On July 23, 1805, with
Cyrus Field aboard, the ship started
westward from Valentin. Everything
went well until the vessel was within
Goo miles of the Newfoundland const,
when the cable broke. Attempts were
made to recover It nt the time, but
these were unsuccessful. Field and his
ntPit had to turn buck and report their
111 luck. • -
Lost Cable Retrieved.
Preparations were made for a fur-
ther attempt on July 18, I860, the
Orent Eastern started from Valentin
on her second voyage. This proved to
Liu a triumphant one. The ship
reached Trinity hay. Nova Scotln, with-
out tnlslmp on July 27, nnd the two
hemispheres were ngntn Joined by
meting of entile communication. On
the return trip to Europe the Great
Eastern made a search for the cable
lost the previous year and luckily
enough found It. Tills was joined to u
new section which wns laid the re-
maining distance to Nova Scotln and
thus two transatlantic cublea went Into
operation In that year,
To give the reader some Men of the
cnble rates to Europe In those days It
might he stated that In 1800 the tnlnl
mum rate for n 20-word message was
$100. The minimum rate, or deferred
service rate, today for • similar mes-
sage is only $1, und the deferred
service message of the present reaches
Its destination sooner tluin did the fust
messages In I860.
Although It Is nlmost three-fourths
of a eentury since oceanic telegraph
communication wits established, most
people know little ubout the making
nnd Inylng of cnbles. The heart of the
cable Is the conductor nnd this, through
which the electrlcul Impulses are trans-
mitted, Is composed of the purest qual-
ity of copper. Since cnbles lie at the
bottom of the ocenn In depths ranging
from two to three thousand fathoms,
or between two und three miles deep,
and ns the lifting of a cuble from such
n depth Involves n great strain upon
it und all the materials used In Its
construction, It will be understood
thut flexibility must be reckoned with.
Delicate Work Involved.
The copper core Is tnunufnctured In
lengths of nhout three miles und la
coiled temporarily on drums. These
lengths of core Inter are Joined to-
gether am! the Jointing Is of the great-
est Importance. It Is done hy hand
nnd requires skillful workmanship. If
any dust or gusses are allowed to re-
main or to form In the guttn percha
while making u Joint it may mean the
loss of thousands of dollars, heenuse
this weakness will not become uppureut
until the cable Is submerged and thus
pluced -under great pressure, when the
most minute Impurity or gas bubble In
the Joint would manifest itself nnd
cuuse faulty electrical continuity. The
deep-sun cuble Jointer must he n man
of temperate habits nnd In good health.
It mtty seem almost Inconceivable, hut
numerous Joints made by skillful hut
-intemperate or unhealthy Jointers have
proved faulty through what wus be-
lieved to be the Injurious exudations
front ths pores of the fingers. This will
give some Idea of the extreme delicacy
and Importance of perfect jointing,
Over the gutta percha insulation ■
brass taps is wound which protects the
Insulation against attacks of on
aqueous worm, known os ths tsredo.
In the manufacture of the new
cable fee the Meeker ereten more
than 4.000.00U pounds of copper were
required for Its conductor anil 2,0UO,Ubfl
pounds of gutta percha for insulation.
At the same time upwards of 80,001)
miles of steel und Iron wires of vary-
ing sizes were needed to protect the
copper conductor und the guttu percha
insulation.
Near binding places the armor wires
of the cable are large nnd heavy. The
cost und the laying of the cable will
ttiununt to something more than $15,-
000,000.
Routs Must Be Surveyed.
The laying of long subinurlne cable
is not an easy matter. It Is a well-
knmvn fact that the contour of tire
ocean’s bottom varies similarly to that
of dry land. It has Its rolling and
steep hills, Its valleys and plateaus.
It therefore Is necessary to know the
contour of the ocenn bed before the
cnble Is laid. Title le essential to avoid
suspending the cable between two
hills, where It would hung In n festoon,
or like u clothesline between two poles.
Such suspension soon would cause the
This photograph, taken the day after the first earthquake shocks, shows the conflagration sweeping through
Tokyo. In the center Is the Imperial theater. __________ .
cnble to weur because of Its own
weight.
The route over which the cnble will
lie muBt he more carefully surveyed
than the course for a new railroad
over prairies, through forests and
across mountain passes.
Always Dsngsrous Talk.
The men In churge of cable laying say
that under the most favorable condi-
tions It Is anxious work. At uny time
during the paying out, some ten or four-
teen days, a storm may nrlse and
raise havoc with the work. One can
imagine wlmt n strain Is pluced on the
cuttle reeling from the stern of the ves-
sel ns this Is whipped about on moan-
tnlnous waves. The cnble Is very like-
ly to break under such conditions and
It nicy be lost In u depth of 2,000
fathoms.
It Is hard to predict the time of re-
covery. It may take three or four days
nnd It may tnkc weeks and months.
Should a cuble brenk nnd be lost, In
spite of the best precautions, n mark
buoy Is lowered nt once to guide the
ship In grappling operations. Then the
drugging Is done nt right tingles to
the line In which the cable lies. The
grappling Iron used to drug the ocean
bottom looks like a four-pronged nn-
chor, nnd If It once catches the cnble
It will hold It securely until raised to
the surface.
Close to tlie shore where the cables
lie In shallow water they suffer from
corrosion und the nticlmrs of ships.
There are cases on record where
cuhles have been broken by Icebergs
grinding und crushing them. Some
time ago, when the Commercial Cable
company’s vessel, the Mackny-Bennett,
wus on n repnlr trip, she counted as
many ns 100 Icebergs. In order to
carry on her work Bhe had to to-v on
Iceberg to stn so ns to take It olT the
line of cuhles that needed repair.
Cables have been broken in the deeper
waters of the Atlantic by submarine
slides, which have burled the lines for
many miles. A whale one time put an
Alnsknn cnble out of commission. Tho
line wus broken anil the decomposed
carcnss of the whale found encircled
hy the cable when It was recovered
during repair. There wns un Instance
where one of the cables In southern
wnters wns damaged by a shark's
tooth, which was Imbedded In the
gnttn percha Insulation,
Big Shipment of Chocolats.
Stnmford, Conn.—A solid tralnlond
of 1,250.000 pounds of chocolate,
enough to cover 6,000,000 pounds of
candy, wns shipped recently from here
to ennily munufucturers In the Mid-
dle West.
- I « »k.>» •
Youth Imprisoned in
Boxcar for 10 Days
Odder, Ont.—John Mncllrlde,
seventeen yenrs old, of this city,
lived for ten dnys without food
or water In n box car, nnd when
releused he stumbled to * rain
barrel and drank greedily. Ha
had been accidentally Impris-
oned in the box car, which waa
latar shunted to a aide track In
London, Ont. Teatnaten unload*
ing freight pried open the door
of tho car when they heard hie
feeble criea.
$888l88MMI88888888lip8M88«t8Ml
Freak Result of the Convulsion of Nature
Here Is a big boat, one of those that plied the stream* near Tokyo, hurled from the wuter upon a bridge.
Refugees on the Shattered Railway From Tokyo
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Ray, Leslie I. The Leader Tribune (Laverne, Okla.), Vol. 12, No. 14, Ed. 1 Friday, October 5, 1923, newspaper, October 5, 1923; (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc825923/m1/4/: accessed April 23, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.