II!
TO FATTEN TURKEYS
Approach of Thanksgiving Day
Brings Matter Up to Farmer.
Demand It for Plump, Well Fattened
Bird*, and Extra Effort Required
to Produce This Kind Will Be
Well Repaid.
With the approach of Thanksgiving
and the holiday season, the attention
of all who raise poultry naturally
turns towards the fattening of the
surplus stock. Including all the tur-
keys not to tie kept over for breeding
purposes All poultry in proper con
dltlon sells well at this season, but
turkeys, particularly, Hell best of all.
And of all poultry none pays so well
for the extra flesh put on as the tur-
key, for the larger the birds are the
more  e can realize a pound for them,
writes W. F. Purdue in Kanch and
Range This being a fact. In the first
place every effort should be made by
all turkey growers to raise only large
birds for the market, as large as is
possible to do so without Injury to
the breeding stock. It Is possible to
get turkeys tf>o large for breeding pur-
poses and the turkeys that are over-
grown and leggy In appearance do not
make good market turkeys. There-
fore, good judgment should be used In
breeding, the object being to breed
birds as large as possible and at the
same time avoid breeding overgrown,
gangling birds Inbreeding seems to
ruin the vitality of turkeys quicker
than any of our domestic fowls, and
tbis should be guarded against. The
birds need good, strong blood behind
tbem to carry tbem through
None should be marketed but well
fattenej turkeys The demand Is for
plump, well fattened birds. and the ex
Ira effort required to produce this
kind will be well repaid. It costs no
more to make a pound of turkey meat
than a pound of pork, and the former
commands a price greatly In excess
of that of the latter. Turkeys that
•re not large enough to go on the
market for the Thanksgiving trade
should be kept over for Christmas,
when the late and small birds ought
to be In prime condition. The Christ-
mas market generally caters more any
way to smaller turkeys, yet plump and
well fattened, while the Thanksgiving
market demands the largest and best
turkeys produced.
Turkeys intended for the market
should be allowed a limited grain ra
tion for the first ten days, gradually
Increasing the food until they are com-
fortably on a full grain ration. If the
flock contains many late fowls, which
should first gain in size and frame,
•ometlmes before the actual fattening
process begins they should be fed
auch food as will develop bone and
muscle. Corn, oats and wheat in
equal quantities supplemented by son.<-
kind of animal fr>od. if insects are
•carce, such as beef scraps or eve:i
aweet skimmllk Is a good ration for
this purpose. This will produce bone
and flesh, aiding nature to develop
them into properly filled out birds.
They should not be overfed at tbis
period, only giving tbem enough feed
to keep them In a growing, thrifty
condition If this Is followed with the
small birds, or even with the whole
flock so lorg as the feeding is not
overdone, they can gradually be
brought up to a full grain ration with
out danger of any serious results fol-
lowing It frequently bappeus that
feeding turkeys a full grain ration at
first results In crop bound or indiges |
tlon, which brings about serloua i
trouble and very often a loss of some 1
of them.
HANDLE TO UP-END BARRELS.
Direction* for Making Davie* That
Will Materially Aid On* In Han-
dling Heavy ObJacts.
The ordinary way of upending bar
rels la to take hold of the edge at th*
floor or ground and lift, which Is quite
hard on the bark as well as the hand
that graspa the barrel rim, wrltea Dog
llteserfs ffi<^/z/feddfafe$
aacfjfflbcico
  *
Upending a Barrel.
C. Higbee In Popular Magazine II
you have many barrels to handle, the
device shown In Pig 1 will be ot
great assistance The construction ol
the device Is simple and It can b«
made In a few minutes' time. The
handle Is about three feet long, on
the lower end of which Is fastened a
block having one side hollowed out to
fit the curvature of the barrel. An
Iron hook Is fastened In the wood t
or 8 Inches below the hand grip The
handle is used as shown in Fig 2.
USE COTTON-SEED PRODUCTS
Oklahoma Cruahera Start Campaign
of Education Among Farmers,
Adviaing Use of Meal.
A campaign of education has been
started by cotton seed crushers of
Oklahoma among the farmers of the
stale to use meal and other products
■ of cotton seed instead of raw seed ai
many do at present.
At a meeting held In Oklahoma city
I It was decided to ask President Con
nors of the State Hoard of Agrlcul
ture to make an address to farmers
on cotton-seed prodLcts as stock
food.
There Is as much nourishment In
cotton seed menl as In raw cotton
seed." said Sidney Roberts, Wynne
wood cotton man. "..nd so farmers can
make money by bringing is their
seed The mills will give 3 500 pounds
of meal for Z.Oui pounds of seed, and
It will go just as far Uown In Texas
the farmers appreciate the value ol
cotton seea meal as a stock food, be
cause It goes so far. There the oil
mills sell at home all the meal they
make. In Wynnewood we dispose of
only one-half of 1 per cent at home."
JAGOABO
OA.
Oiaht
Ctaw
2%y/)ji£UxiEl TMicIkwa4L
Director of t/J. Depart menf
of/tofaniatf HeuearcA
?.XS'nr-5B?.
2: ■
. .^..wrvwywi*. - „ 
0£J£liT PlA/ff Of HtlAj,JVCVA£>A
wood. Apparently the presence of an excess of
gypsum Is prejudicial to the growth of the me*
quite
The bottoms among the dunes have a dense
vegetation as compared with that of the dunes
themselves It Is characterize.! especially by the
presence of a grama grass (Houtelouai. forming
almost a turf, and by frequent clumps of Ephedra
of a grayish purple color at this season and with
three scaled nodes. These bottoms usually show
no sign of moisture hut In two places we found
water holes, the water ao alkaline that the horses
would not drink It at
the end of their first
day's drive
Probably the most
extraordinary product
of the Sonora desert,
west of Torres. Met-
Echlnocactus was represented by a half-dozen
species, of which one. E. grande. Is undoubtedly
the most niasshe of all the genus, being as much
as R or   feet In height anil 30 or even 36 Inches
In thickness, which, with the many convolutions
of Its surface, makes it a very grotesque feature
of the scenery.
K fluvescens forms small heads In clusters,'
while In E robusta colonies 10 or 15 feet across,
making mounds 2 or 3 feet high, Include hundreds
of heads.
No systematic account of sn  desert Is to be
found In which the storage function appears so
highly developed and by so many species. Of
course all of the cacti exhibit this feature In a
very marked degree, and a single plant of Pllo-
cereus ftilvicepa may retain several hundred gal-
lons of water The large stems of Yucca, which
la a prominent member of the flora of the slopes.
Well Preserved Butter.
Thirteen years ago a Delaware farm
er lowered "wo pounds of butter In a
tightly covered bucket In a well tc
cool ofT The string broke and the
bucket went to the bottom. A few
days ago the farmer was clearing out
his well and found the bucket of but
ter tound and sweet as a nut.
TIME TO HARVEST COWPEAS
When Sown Alone for Ensilage Crop
Should Be Cut at About Same
Maturity as for Hay.
When sown alone cow peas should
be harvested for ensilage at about the
same maturity as for hay They
should be rut only a short time before
going into the silo, raked green, plac
el In small hunches, or. better still,
loaded on the wagon directly from
the windrow When planted with
corn the combined crop may be har
vested with the corn binder and han
died In the same manner and as eas-
ily aa corn planted alone for ensilage
Cow-Pea Harveater.
For hay, cow peas should be cut when
the first pods and some leaves begin
to turn yellow.
Cow pea hay cures more slowly than
alfalfa but it should be handled In cur-
ing In aboul the same manner. Cut
ting should not begin In the morning
until the dew Is off and the hay should
be raked and allowed to cure In the
windrow a short time.
The picture shows a cow pea har
vester attachment for tte mowing ma
chine, showing the vine lifters on
guards and a wlndrowlng attachment.
Tbeae machines are almost Indispens-
able where large crops are to be har
Tested.
Spring Lambs.
The best spring lambs gTown at the
New Hampahtre state school cam*
from a cross between the Merino ud
U>* Southdown.
Farm Notes
Rye Is coming in favor this fall
I.evel cultivation saves moisture
Water Is of Inestimable value In the
garden
Disposition has an influence on the
value of a horse of any type
Are you sure of every cow's yearly
output of butter fat and milk?
Calves should be well bedded so
that they will be dry and warm.
He ever watchful for the appear-
ance In your hives, of foul brood
Every ewe in the flock should do
her separate part and i>erform her
work well
Ewes that possess strong constitu-
tions should be selected for breeding
purposes
Quality, while not easy to define. Is
one of the most essential points in
i horse flesh
Early varieties of apples and pear*
should be picked before they have
become soft
l eaving grain In shock for from
four to six weeks is attended with a
great deal of rlBk
There Is nothing gained In keeping
animals In the flock simply because
I they once were good breeders
A good ditch should be dug around
i the iwultry yards to prevent water
getting In and to keep them dry
If the heavy mares do not produce
good foals by a certain mating then
try another stallion of the same class
Very young calves sometimes have
| a form of scours that Is due to a de-
fect In the constitution or to prenatal
conditions
Milk at a stated hour both morning
j and evening, and keep everything
I about the stable and the dairy < lean
and fresh
i An Insect pest that has caused
severe losses where currant* sre
grown Is the currant aphis, which pro
duces reddish blisters on the leaves
If you have not killed that surplus
rooster, get rid of him at once for h*
not only makes no profit himself, but
devours the profit returned by others.
This Is the time of year to keep that
green scum out of the poultry drink
Ing pans. Typhoid lurks therein, and
chickens have typhoid la the fall
Beald eftea.
i iirv I
Oaj/j or Palm j st*nt£ Mown or a Camtoj*
r
 4PrmarAaU,
Vine
THEGl'APAZll
UC80N haa a cli-
mate of a thor-
oughly desert char-
acter, and a flora,
Including moun-
tains and plain.
rich In species and
genera In addi-
tion to Its situa-
tion in the heart
of the desert of Arizona. It is cen-
trally located, both as to position
and transportation, with reference
to the deserts of Texas, Chihua-
hua. New Mexico. California and
Sonora.
The I'niversity of Arizona, with
Its School of Mines, and the Ari-
lona agricultural experiment sta
tlon are located at
Tucson.
Not the least of
the advantages of
Tucson as a center
for the activities of
the government
desert laboratory Is
t b e broad minded
comprehension of
the Importation of
the purposes of the
Institution evinced
by the citizens, ac-
companied by an
earnest desire to co-
operate In Its estab
lishment This ap-
preciation was ex
pressed in the prac-
tical form of subsl
dies of land for the
•Ite of the building
and to serve as a
arT'cnn !"r .f**ert "delation, the Installation
connecM '"T "'"''hone, light and power
orat r k' a"d °f ® r°ad ,P thp "lte of th,> lab
a fW° Tucson. This
i° i co"°Peration has animated every
organiza Ion in the city, and has enabled the lab
oratory to gain control „f a dornaln nf R60
" *reatP8t usefulness for ge ieral experimen-
tal work
Extending northward for nearly 104 miles
from El Paso Is the noted Jornada del Muerta
l Journey Of Death., which has a width of 3(.
to 40 miles It formed a portion of the route
conn ctlng the earliest settlements along the Rio
• rande. and here the traveler was compelled to
leave the stream far to the westward, in its
deeply cut. Inaccessible canyon, and toll for two
or three days In the burning heat without water,
except such as might be carried. It was for three
centuries one of the most menacing and hazard-
ous overland journeys to be encountered in the
American desert Recent Investigations, however,
have shown that the region traversed Is In real-
ity a basin, and that water Is to be found, as In
many other deserts, within a reasonable distance
of th* surface.
Heyond lies an equally remarkable desert, the
Otero basin, which is the bed of an ancient lake,
and Is noted for a great salt and soda flat, a salt
lake. and. most striking of all, the "White Sands,"
an area of about 300 square miles covered with
dunes of gypsum sand rising to ■ maximum
height of 60 feet
The surface of the dunea Is sparkling white,
du* to the dry condition of the gypsum powder,
but a few Inches beneath It Is of a yellowish or
buff color and la distinctly moist and cool to the
touch, even when the air Is extremely hot.
The most characteristic plant of the dunes Is
the three-leaf sumac (Rhus trllobatai. which oc-
rure In the form of single hemispherical bushes
four to eight feet high, the lower branches bug
glng the sand The plant grows vigorously, the
trunk at or beneath the surface often reaching
a diameter of three Inches. The binding and pro-
tecting effect of this bush I* often shown In a
striking manner when In the cutting down of an
older duns by the wind a column of sand may
be left protected above from the sun by the cloee
covering of the branches and leaves, and the sand
In the column Itself bound together by the long,
penetrating roots One of these columns was
about IS feet high from Its base to the summit
of the protecting bush and about I feet In dlam
ater at the base.
A marked peculiarity of the White Sands
that a cottonwood Is occasionally found In l_„
lower dunes, reaching a foot In diameter, but sel-
dom more than IB feet In height; yet at the same
time not a mesqulte was seen. The mesqulte la
« tree requiring less moisture than the cotton-
Is
the
leo, is the guarequi (Ibervlllea sot.
raei, a tendril-bearing plant whose
inordinately thickened root and stem
base lies gray and half exposed upon
the ground beneath some trellislng
shrub These tuberous formations may be seen
during the dry season lying about wholly unan
chored. as the slender roots dry up with the close
of the vegetative sea-son. which lasts but a few
weeks.
In February. 1902. some of these •-bers were
taken to the New York Botanical garden, and a
large specimen not treated In any vay was
placed in a museum case, where It has since re~
malnexl. Annually, at a time fairly coincident
with t*te natura! vegetative season In Its native
habitat, the major vegetative points awaken and
send up a few thin shoots, which reach a length
nf about two feet only, since they do not obtain
sunlight After a period of a few we eks they lie
down again and the material In them retreats to
the tuber to await another season Seven periods
of activity have thus been displayed hy this speci-
men with no apparent change In Its structure or
sise It does not seem unreasonable to suppose,
therefore that the guarequl Is a storage structure
of such great efficiency that water and other ma-
terial sufficient to meet the needs of the plant
tor a quarter of a century are held In reserve
in Its reservoirs.
The morning glory rlphomoea arboreacens) Is
here a tree JO to 30 fe et high, with smooth,
chalky gray trunk and branches. During Febru
ary It Is leafless throughoot. while Its large white
flowers open one by one on the ends of the naked
branches. From Its white bark the tree Is som 
times known as palo blanco, and from the gum
or resin, which exudea from Incisions made In It
for the purpoee and which la used as Incense In
religious ceremonies. It Is also called palo a an to
One of the striking features of the Tehuacan
desert of southern Mexico Is the extreme locall
ration or strictness of colonization exhibited by
many species which are found to cover an area
of a few square yards, the face of a slope, the
crest of a cliff or the floor of a barranca, with no
outliers and with the nearest colony perhaps
many miles away.
The ractaceae are more abundant here than
In any other part of the world yet visited, sev-
eral of the species being massive forms.
Cepbaloccreus macrexephalus Is a tall species
of the maaslveness of the sagtiaro, and Ilk* It
having a central shaft bearing numbers of
branches which are more closely appressed. It
was seen only along the cliff near the Rancho
San Diego, along the eastern edge of the valley.
Plloeereus fulvlceps, of more general dlstrlbu
tlon on slopes, haa a series of branches. In many
Instances 40 or (0 tn number, densely clustered
and arising from a short trunk, which barely rla«*
from tha ground before It kranchea.
PsfPAOO /APJA/V V/O?i0
A CACTVS
function to 'his pur-
pose to some e-xtent.
while the fleshy
l aves of Aga'a
martnorata ana otik-
er species and of
Hectla. are essen-
tially storage or-
gans for reserve
food and surplus
water Mere Is also
.'upborliia aud a
I'eiiilantnus. with
thick upright cylin-
drical stems. In
w'l.i the storage
function Is msdu
more effective o y
the possession of a
thick milk Juice.
As f>ne proceeds
to the anclrnt rolns
of Mitla, 3G miles
to the southeast-
ward of Oaxaca, the
aridity Increases until in the vicinity of the ha-
cienda of that name extreme desert conditions
are found The ancient structures here are lo
dlcatlve of a type of civilization characteristic o."
the desert. In which co-operation or communism
was carried to as great lengths as it must have
been In the pueblos of the northtm deserts in
America.
One of the most difficult problems to soive is
that of transportation in the desert, and there are
extensive areas In American deserts that have
not yet been systematically explored by reason
of this condition
A comprehension of the part that water plays
In existence and travel In the des  rt is to he
gained only by experience. Some of the natlv*
animals, such as mice and other small rodents,
have been known to live on hard seeds without
green food for periods of several months, or even
as long as two or three >eBrs, and nothing in
their behavior indicated that they ever took liquid
In any form
Deer and peccary are abundant in deserts in
Sonora In which the only available supply of open
water Is to be found In the cacti
Man and his most constant companion on the
efse-rt of America, the horse. ar  comparatively
poorly equipped against the rigors of the desert
horseman may go from the morning of one day
until some hour of the next In midsummer and
neither he nor his horse will incur serious dan
ger; experiences of this kind are numerous If
the traveler Is afoot, abstinence from water from
sunrise to sunset Is a serious Inconvenience to
him. and If he continues his journey, the follow-
ing morning his sufferings may so disturb his
mental balance that he may be unable to follow
a trail, and by the evening of that day, If he has
not come to something drlnkuhle he may not rec-
ognize the friendly stream In his way. Instances
sre not unknown In which sufferers from thirst
have forded streams waist deep to wander out on
the dry plain to prrliily drath.
Scooting Indians have long used the hlsnsga.
Mid a drink inay be obtained In this manner by a
skilled operator It. five to ten minltes Some trav-
elers are Inclined to look with much disfavor on
the liquid so Obtained, but It has been used with
out discomfort hy members of expeditions from
the desert laboratory. Thai it ts often preferred
by Indians to fair water ts evidenced hy the fact
that the Whippls expedition found the Mohaves
near the mouth of the Hill Williams river. In
1853, cooking ducks and other birds In the Juice
uf these plants by mesnn of healed stone*
dropped Into U>* cavity containing the pulp.
1
T