THE NEW EDUCATION
AERIAL NAVIGATION
(Continued from page i.)
during a wind storm you may imagine the enor-
mous amount of power it would take to drive a
silk bag as large as this room filled with gas
against even a moderate breeze.
This also applies to dirigible balloons, which
also must be of vast bulk; and although this dis-
advantage is somewhat lessened by making them
of cigar shape, and in spite of the fact that sev-
eral airships of this type have been produced
which are capable of sailing in a predetermined
direction during a calm, I believe that eventually
they will be found to consume too much power
and also be too difficult to navigate when even a
moderate wind is blowing.
Of the heavier than air machines we may pass
over those driven by means of Happing wings,
and the helicopters as requiring too great an ex-
penditure of energy, and a very complicated
mechanism, which, by becoming deranged while
the aeronaut was in mid-air, might render his
position decidedly uncomfortable. This then
brings us to the aeroplanes, to whose manner of
flight 1 would invite your particular attention.
For many years past, thoughtful observers in
different parts of the world have had their at-
tention called to the soaring Hight of birds es-
pecially those of the vulture species. Many of
these birds are of great size and considerable
weight, some of them weighing as much as 2o
to 2g pounds, yet they are able to sail for hours
in the air without any perceptible motion of their
wings. These birds can advance into the eye of
the wind and at the same time rise, they can
maintain themselves at any height for hours to-
gether, and during the course of a day one of
these birds will make perhaps twenty descen-
sions from the height of a mile and ascend again,
all without any motion of the wings. The energy
for doing all this being taken from the wind.
The late Mr. A. M. Wellington, an eminent
engineer, claimed that man provided with suit-
able aeroplanes for wings, could mount into the
air by imitating the evolution of these birds, and
has advanced mathematical proof to support his
assertions. In his article he says: “All attempts
at aviation which include any motor for propul-
sion are in my judgment on wrong lines and
predestined to certain failure, since they not only
neglect but destroy the action of the forces by
which true Hight may be, and is attained". 1 be-
lieve, however, if Mr. Wellington were alive to-
day he would modify his opinion as to the motor-
diiven aeioplane; for it seems that it is to this
form of machine that we must look for the quick-
est if not the final solution of the problem of
artificial flight.
Now as to the size of wings necessary, M.
Mouillard, the well-known French authority,
gives the following: “We need from % to i
square foot of wing surface per pound to be lifted,
and the length of the wings should be about six
times their width. For a weight of 22o pounds
which would include the weight of the wings he
advises 216 square feet, giving wings 36 feet from
tip to tip by 6 feet in width. Thus a Hying man
will be quite a respectable bird in point of size.
For ladies use, the wings would of course be
made somewhat smaller.
Having secured your wings and satisfied your-
self as to their strength, the modus operandi will
be somewhat as follows: First, choose a day
when there is a good stiff wind blowing. This
fortunately is not an unusual condition in Okla-
homa. Then proceed to have a small launch-
ing platform constructed on the top of some high
building; this platform should lie about 2 feet
wide by 2o or 30 feet long. Now standing at the
rear of this platform with wings well back, and
body thrown slightly forward, take a short run
and plunge headlong into space exactly as if you
were diving into a pond. You should allow your-
self to fall for about one second; you will then
have passed over a space of 16 feet and have at-
tained a velocity of 32 feet per second or say %
of a mile per minute. 1 do not recommend a
greater velocity than this, at least not for begin-
ners. The wings should now be brought forward
slightly checking the speed and shifting the cen-
ter of gravity. In a moment you will find your-
self traveling in a horizontal plane in the direc-
tion of the wind. The next thing to do is to
circle around so as to meet the wind, the wind
acting against the wings will raise you several
feet in just the same manner that it raises a kite.
By repeating this process, motion in any direc-
tion may be attained. After a little practice these
various motions will be carried on without think-
ing,—exactly as we now balance ourselves in
walking. You will then be able to amuse your-
selves by watching the scenery below you, or if
that is not exciting enough you can put in the
time wondering if your hat is on straight. It
probably will not be.
While 1 am talking about hats, I wish to re-
mark that 1 regard the present fashion in millin-
ery as eminently suitable for aerial navigation. I
am sure that the inverted peach basket type of
headgear will form an excellent parachute in
case of accident. 1 call it a peach besket both
on account of its shape and its contents. The
Merry W idow sailor hat, by the way, seems to
be growing to such dimensions as to make wings
entirely superfluous.
You may judge how far inventors have already
advanced in the solution of this problem by the
records of the Hights made at Rhcims last sum-
mer. During the meeting some 1300 successful
Hights were made without a single accident. At
one time there were no less than eleven machines
in the air at once, circling around and passing-
each other at different heights. The greatest
speed was attained by M. Bleriot, whose ma-
chine made nearly 48 miles per hour. M. Farnian
made a Hight of three hours and fifteen minutes
duration, covering a distance of over 118 miles.
Mr. Glen II. Curtis, the only American contestant,
made a Hight of one-half hour’s duration at an
average speed of 47 miles per hour, thereby
winning the international cup; which secures for
his country the privilege of holding the contest
next year on American soil, or rather in American
air.                   R. E. CHANDLER.
(To be Continued.)
COLLEGE MILITARY TRAINING
(Continued from page 1.)
Bayonet Exercise on A. & M. Campus
Rifle Range-Target Butts, Side View
Rifle Range—Target Butts, Front View
dangerous and expensive school of actual war."
You need but to read history to realize that
other wars are inevitable. History shows that
in almost every nation a war has occurred at
least once in each generation. After all crimes
among citizens of a state cease, and cities be-
come so good that police and jails are no longer
needed, there will yet be international disputes.
If churches that profess to worship the same
God and pray to the same Christ cause disputes
in a community of the same national blood and
language at the present day, how long will it be
before nations of different races, speaking dif-
ferent languages, worshiping different gods and
acknowledging a different Messiah, will submit
all their disputes to an international court of ar-
bitration? And who is going to enforce the order
of this international court if either nation re-
fuses to abide by the decision? The best way to
prevent war is to be constantly prepared for
war.
When you find a person decrying military
training or the military and naval armament of
this nation you will find that he knows just as
little of what he is talking as the several blind
men knew about the elephant they went to in-
spect,—and maybe not quite so much. He only
sees a small space and has not had his eyes
opened wide enough to realize that he cannot see
all. He is the kind of patriot that stays in the
parlor while any war is going on, criticises those
who are doing their best and gets rich by charg-
ing the government two prices for everything he
sells it. He is always talking of the rights of
citizenship but never gives a thought to the
duties of citizenship. IRA F. FRAVEL,
1st Lieutenant 24th U. S. Infantry.
A Latin-German student after the May carnival
is reported to have given the following poetic ac-
count of some of his interesting experiences:
Candi likibus; gumibus chew,
Lactus frigidus eti sum tu:
Venti homorum pretia quic,
Taci sumorum—ich denke nicht.
Jimmie—“How do you like Caesar?”
Dippy—"Not at all—too much Gaul."
MOLDS IN THE HOME
The molds that grow on our foods are plants,
just as surely as the other living things which we
are in the habit of calling a plant.
These molds have the power of producing
very small round cells, so small that they can not
be seen with the naked eye, called Ospores. These
spores are so light and produced in such large
numbers that they are constantly floating in the
air. It is easy to tell when many of the molds
are producing these spores. If one observes the
early growth of any mold, he finds that in many
cases minute white threads can be seen. After
these threads grow for one to three days a
change in color is often observed, which is a sign
of reproduction.
No housewife should ever allow any food stuff
to mold till the color changes because the possi-
bility of other foods molding is increased a
thousand or a million times; for after the spores
are produced, the wind blows them everywhere,
and the “typhoid” fly plants them wherever he
walks. This is why any food exposed to the air
will mold. I hese microscopic spores lodge there
and find a suitable place to grow. The key-note
of food preservation is to prevent these small
spores from finding a growing place. If they
once get started very often the food is rendered
useless. l'here are four ways to prevent mold
growth; to kill the spores, to keep the food air
tight, to put in something that will discourage
growth—a preservative, or to dry the food. The
first of these methods will be of no value unless
followed by one or more of the other methods.
The methods must be suited to the food. Since
molds will grow best in dark, moist, warm places,
any other condition than the above will discour-
age growth. The more light, more cold, and the less
water the chances for exposed foods to mold are
greatly reduced. Such methods are illustrated
by dried fruits, the use of refrigerators, etc. For
many foods it is desirable to use some form of
preservative. There are four harmless food pre-
servatives; sugar, salt, spice, and vinegar. These
are not only useful as food preservatives, but are
foods for man as well. It is important to know
that small quantities of the above are foods for
the molds. But when used in a sufficient quantity
prevent mold growth. 1 his is why (when pre-
servatives are to be used) it is sometimes more
economy to buy a little more sugar and save the
fruit than to buy less and loose both the fruit
and the sugar. Examples of the above are: fruits
preserved by sugar, meats by salt, sausage by
spices, pickled fruits and cucumber pickles by
vinegar, or by combinations as in apple butter.
\\ hen one has these harmless preservatives
available, he should guard against the preserva-
tives injurious to man, such as formalin, borax,
salicylic acid, etc. We now have the “Food ami
Drugs .Act’ designed to protect us, but unless
every housewife takes some care to see that the
preserved food she buys contains none of these
harmful drugs, the law will be of no value
W. E. LAWRENCE.
DEATH OF ALTHA HIET
1 he.sudden death of Miss Altha Hiet, on April
27, came as a severe shock to her many friends
and classmates at the College. She was an earnest
and beloved member of the Sub-Freshman Class
nnd her loss is keenly felt by all who knew hen
1C fol,ow,n& resolutions were adopted by her
Whereas, Almighty God in His wisdom has
seen fit to take from our midst our beloved
classmate, Miss Altha Hiet; be it
Resolved, By the members of the Sub-Fresh-
man Class of the A. & M. College that we ex-
tend to her bereaved friends and relatives our
heartfelt sympathy in their hour of grief; and
be it further
Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be
sent to the bereaved family, and a copy to the
College paper for publication.
Velma McRoberts,
Winifred Miller,
Ada B. House,
Grover Sanders,
Committee.
At the funeral, April 28, members of her class
acted as pallbearers; suitable Horal tributes were
sent by the students and by the faculty; and the
faculty presented to the sorrowing family a letter
ol heartfelt sympathy for them in their bereave-
ment. But let us not wait for death, to scatter
flowers and kind words in our College family.
THE SUMMER SESSION
The Summer Session of the Oklahoma A. & M. College
ffms unusual advantages. The entire teaching force and all
th facilities of the institution will be at the service of those
offer a"’th.              School. The Summer Term will
m • >a °I'l>o>tamties to take regular college work
and obtain credit toward a degree. The Summer Normal
offers every opportunity for teachers and those who are pre-
1 t' K 11 VaC '«■ * Allowing essential Pedagogical sub-
V n V roff‘.red: Psychology, History of Education,
Methods of leaching and School Management, Theory and
-I-':'1; ’-'1' ofI1l|'aclT,]g' Philosophy of Education, Secondary
reaching. High School Administration and School Super-
vision. Some ledagogtcal work will be done with special
wi 1 ffCC ‘ii schools. The Summer Business Course
will offei all the (. ommercial subjects: Bookkeeping, Sten-
Tw‘s’r«titS,nh’ Ar,thm,ct,Ic- English and Penmanship.
his institution has one of the finest Penmanship teachers in
he country. Drawing and Art and the teaching of Drawing
Domes ,e Sconce and Arts and Music will ail be taught by
skillful specialists.                                              K y