The Indian Sentinel. (Tahlequah, Indian Terr.), Vol. 8, No. 13, Ed. 1 Friday, April 1, 1898 Page: 2 of 4
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..«• Friday
jnlinel Publishing Co.
EDITOR
ion -Prise. #1.00 a Year.
SDMI COURT DECISION.
(Continued from first ]>agi .)
sumo purpose a* beroinbeforo pro- | ^ • <2^ €i
vi.Jod in i <-lnti.>n lo huM lands, * * ~ ™ ® • • 2 • ® ® • • " ® • ®
n V/intil lliait •.«■> ■< .. i' <1 !
on 3^ iy
Entered at the postofliee at Tulile- court, attached to said co
quali, I. T., as second class mai! mat- ■ Kay, lor judicial put-pones,
'tor
Tahlequah, i. T., April 1, 1898.
The decision of the Unittd
States supremo court in the Ok-
lahoma-Osage cattle case, is a
forecast as to the result of any
case which may lie taken to that
tribunal by any 'of the nations of
the Five Tribes, contesting the
act of Congress depri. ,ag these
nations of tribal jurisdiction con-
trary to treaty stipulations. The
same points of law are involved.
Texas was gained by force of
arms, by hostile conquest. In
making this accession, Mexico
lost political control of that lie-
public or province, and the U. K.
gained it, but title to the laijd, in-
vested rights wevo no<. disturbed.
Congress, in thu uct taking juris-
diction from these tribal tribu-
nals and requiring laws passed
by the Indian legislatures to be
approved by the president before
they become operative in vadus no
vested rights but is purely po
lifical and the result is the same
as that in Texas, but the manner
of getting control is different.
Mexico, regarded her rights
trampled upon, and judged her-
self strong enough to obtain those
rights by force, otherwise the
United States would have gained
the politicul control of the coun-
try in dispute, in the same man-
ner as she is getting in power
here, that is, by legislative con-
quest. Suppose in this instance,
treaties with Mexico hud been
violated. What would have been
the result, had she token her
case to the Supreme court in t he
manner that has been determined
upon by the Cherokee Nation to
ci-ratjst her rights in the matter?
Were the Five Tribes mighty
enough, no one doubts but what
the U. S. wOuld have had a tight
on her hands long ago This is
regarded by these Indians of this
territory as one of those circum-
stances wherein might prevails
against right: when idl legal, in-
telligent, honest and fair means
have been exhausted toget rights
adjusted according to promises, a
physically and numericall/ weak
nation must succumb to the in-
evitable. The Cherokee* have,
in the last three months paid out
over *_0,00() to shrewd attorneys
to defend her rights. The attor-
neys are the most learned in the
Jaw, that handsome foes could
command, and they will use every
legitimate design to have the
question settled in this nations
favor, but judging the future by
the jmst, and what will be done
by what nas been done, all efforts
are egotistic and will only satisfy
those of our people who say, that
the United States can not do that
which is being done.
Off Por Colunium.
except ttiat tilly per cent of the
proceed* of tiio sale of said dimin
islied reserve may bo usod by the
| I ailed Slates in tIto purcliu.se of
lands for u suituble homo for said
I Indians in said Indian Territory."
On July 15, 1870 (16 Stnt. ut L.
| MA. chap: 200). Congress passed
I an act, providing, in substance,
Unit whenever the Osages should
ogree tlioreto, in such man nor as
the president should prescribe,
said Indians should bo removed
from their laid dimiuislied lesor-
vation in the state of Kansas to the
lands lo he provided lor Ilium in i
the Indian Territory, '*to consist I
til ti tract of land in compact form,
equal in gnmitily to 100 acres for
each member of said tribe, ... to I
ho paid for out of the procoods o! j
tho sale of thoir lauds in the state
of Kansas," and subsequently tho
Osages woro established upon their
present reservation, and the Clier-
okees were paid therefor the sum
of 81,060.000; and by an act ap
proved Juno 6, 1872 (17 Stat, at L. j
228), Congress confirmed this reser-
vation in said Cherokee country.
The history of the transfer ol I
tho so-called lvaw or Kansas Itidl-j
ans Ironi their reservation in the I
state of Kansas to land? bought j
and sheriff of Kay county Oklaho-
ma Territory.
On tho iid Monday in Fobruary,
1894, tho supreme court of the ter-
ritory of Oklahoma, b}' an order
entered on tho journals of said
court, attached to said county of
all tho
haw or Kansas Indian reservation
and all of tho Osngo Indian reser-
vation north ol tho township lino
dividing townships 25 and 20north.
All of said reservations so attached
to said Kay county for judicial pur-
poses by such order are without the
boundurios of said Kay county as
established by the governor and
are not within tho boundaries oj
any organized county ol this terri
lory. Said territory so attached
to said county of Kay for judicial
pin poses is comprised wholly of
lands owned and occupied by In-
dian tribos, and consists principal-
ly of wild, uuimprovad, and unal-
lotted lands used for grazing pur-
poses; that plaintiffs in error dur-
ing tho year ]^95 and during the
month ol April of said year drove,
transported, an^J shipped to the
ranges and pastures in that part of
said Oss^o Indian reservation at- H
tached to said ^is_v county for ju- 'ronl 'ho Cherokee Nation, consti
tutiug their prusent reservation,
Wear
BUT THEY 1) NT FIT ——
IFine Clotlios,
11
Jnleso you huvo Cum made by
lUESTKRDICK. A Stylish Spring or
ummer Suit ordered from this Tftilol
ill give stitisfuotioy without failure.
DU.-.S'I ! DICK, Shop Belgw I'ost (iflico, Mun St.
©)
>
$
©>
. )
issar^MJKL.n.^-. y v ITU.IT
A transaction iri which you cannot (*1itV
Uilii'iiKiuT«j, sick- j < ► v/ Lj
lose in a sure tiling.
headache, furred tongue, fever, i>ilen PjffoK|i|.()
ami a thousand other ill* are caused by ^ ^
constipation and sluMgMi .liver. Can-
carets ('andy Cathartic, the wonderful
new liver etimulent and intestinal
tonic, me by all druggists guaranteed
to cure or money refunded. C. C. C.
are sure thing. Try a box to-day
U)e, 25c, 50c. Sample and booklet free.
SS)
IDEAS LEAD
TO WEALTH
GET YOURS
PATENTED:
JOHN F. WILSON.
Tlie Ta". l3q.\aaJa. Xjlvary man
Of Long Santdm^
EX'l I? VS
Swellest Turnouts in
the Territory. Reg
ulur Stage to and from ,
Fort Gibson Daily
PATENTS
Hut remen- r iiv'.ul p«uui patents arc the
claims and *|iecificatlons, which snould bo drawn
w ith jrreat skill, or they may prove worthiest.
Send descriptive sketch and rough drawing, or
photograph, for preliminary examination. office
and enurt practice carefully and skillfully con-
ducted. BURTON T. DOYLE,
Solicitor. Attorney And
Editor of "A FRIEND AT COURT,"
A magazine in which the busy citizen may find a
teire, intelligent and discriminating monthly ac-
count of V nele Sam's doings as inani tested through
the law, literature ami machinery of our Govern-
ment- it kcefc up with t'ongrew and the lH*|«rt
In a. the |>atent« of client* are noticed
• '"vmiun in <■ mat iiiiici^ in nur uii ern-
tnetit it keeps tip with Congrcstt and the Depart
niente. In it. the )>atentM of client* are noticed
free, if desired. Terms: ti a year; three rnonthk,
2o cent*; sample copy, free.
Offices: The Ralston. Waahington. D. C
& Gulf
railroad coni'any
Trains leave and arrive at Still well, 1.
T. as follows:
(loixo koktii—uuvl.
No.3, KiuiBnH ('lly Kx. Daily 11:1011. ni.
Ko. 1, Mail anil Lx. Daily ' 5:M a. m.
IllilN'l KOLTII— ARR1VK.
N" I, I'ort Arthur ti. Daily 3:0")a. ui.
No. L', Mall and Kx.Daily !):00p. ui.
Remember this is Hie popular short
line betwm n KansatiCily, llisBonri. and
l'itthliiir>r, Kan., .loplln, liml Nei.slio \lo
Snlphut .--priuKI "ml SllOain Springd.
A Stilwell, I. T., nn,| llie direct
, route from Hie h -tilli to St'. Louie lilii-
I'litro, and points North an^ N^rthea«t
and to Denver, Ugden, Sun l-'ram-i«oo!
I' r 11 aii<J and points vtast tin ti nortliwent
No expense has been sj.nrc.i to mak«
the paMsenger equipment ol this line
sei-iind to none in tin-went.
Travel via the New Line.
„ H. C. OItU,
(ien I .-.k Agt, Kausns City, ATc
WHEN REQUIRED.
dieial p'urpo.«e>, as atore«aiii. laigo
herds and uumbers of cattle, which
were taken to (aid reservation ill
p,ir uanre ia I bv virtue and au
thorily ■ t ■•ertain leasen to plain-
tiffs in error lor grazing purposes
made by the Osage (ribal govern-
ment under tho supervision of tho
agent in chargo ol said tribo and
upon tho ratification and approval
of tho commissioner o( Indian af-
fairs and n| the secretary of the in-
terior, and sulci eatllo ol said plain-
tiffs in error were on tho 1st day
<.f May kept i)nd grazed 011 that
part ol said Indian reservation at
Inched to said Kay county (or ju-
dicial purposes, as aforesaid.
Mr. Justice Sliiras delivered the
opinion ol tho courl:
It is claimed that tho Isgislative
assembly of tlie territory of Okla-
homa was without power to enact
tho law of March ft, 1S95, provid-
ing for tho taxing of cattle gnir.ing
upoh tho Indian reservations under
leases granted by thu Indians, bo
cause, both before and sinco the
creation of said territory, exclusive
jurisdiction over said Indians and
thoir lands, and over all matters in
any way affecting them, or in which
they aro interested, is in thoUnilod
Suites,
It is, indeed, truo that tho lands
in question, constituting tho reser-
vations ot the Osage'and Kansas
Indians, aro portions of lands pre-
viously grantod by patent ol the
United States, in pursuanco of the
treaty ol May ft, 1828 (', Slat, at L.
311), and of the treaty of December
29, 1885 (7 Stat, at L. 478), to the
Cherokee Nation of Indians, nn 1
that it was provided, in those trea-
ties, that tho lauds so granted
should no*, without the consent of
tho Indians, at any (uture lime be
"included within tho teiritorial
limits or jurisdiction of any Blate
or territory."
In tho subsequent treaty with
tho Cherokee! of July in, 1800(11
Stat, til L. 70!), 80-1), it was stipiilat
ed that the United States might
•'settle friendly
Indians 111 any
We are Informed Hint on 'Monday ia«i. part l,1'0 ( l,el okp0 C0I!""T wcst
another ear load—the regular prisoner ! ^,e dqgreo, to bo taken in n
car, which the Katv officials have; built compact form In quantity r.ot ex-
aiitl rpenally famished the government
for the purpose—of prisoners, :win all,
started for Columbus, Ohio. They had
been tried or plead guilty and been
sentenced at Judge Springer's rourt
now sitting at Wagoner. Next Monday
court opens again in iMuskogee.
ceoding 160 acres lor each member
of each of said tribes thus to be set-
tled; tli 3 boundaries of each of said
districts to bo distinctly marked,
and tho land conveyed in fee sim
plo to each of said tribos, . .
►aid lauds thus to bo disposed of to
B. K. BRDCE'S SUCCESSOR.
at such price as may bo agreed on
between the said pat ties in interost,
! subject lo the approval of the
1 president."
• On tho 2<ilh of June, 1806, a
1 treaty was made with the Osage In-
j tlinns (14 Stat, at L. G87* wherein
it was provider) that a largo part of
T , (ll° reservation then occupied by
ho had decided toappmnt JiHson ,llat lribe in Klui^ wM ^ J
Lyons, tho ni*gro national com- right to the government lor a ecr-
mtttaeman fr„m G,,rgm, t,, bo tllitl 8nm ot mon(!v >nd ^
register of the treasury to sue- 16 of said treaty it was provided
JuJsoa Lyons, a G ■ irgia N.'gro,
t:i Bj Registsr of tli
Treasury.
Washington. March The
president t'l lay announced tint*
coed tho late B. K. Bruce
Two Millions A Year,
tvjien people buy, try, and
that ' if said Indians should agreo
to remove from the state ol lyansoa
was similar to that of the Osages
and calls lor no special narration.
In 1S83, suQicicnt money having
been realized from the sales to pay
tor said lands, u deed was duly ex-
j uted by the Chorokces convey-
ing all their riglils and title in and
to the sain0 to tho United States
for tlie use of Iho said Osago and
Kansas Indians, whicji deed is 10-
eorded in volume 6 of tie India!)
•It ed? in the office of the commis-
sioner ol Indian affairs in tl)o de-
partment of the interior.
It is alleged thai, {jy 110 subse-
quent treaty, have either the Glier-
okeo or tho Osago or Kansas Indi-
ans consented that the lands here
in question should be included
within tho limits or jurisdiction of
the territory of Oklahoma; and it
is accordingly now contended that
under tho provision contained in
the Cherokee troaties, the lands
therein designated should never
bo embraced within the limits ol a
territory or stata without tho con
sent of Ml id Indians, the exemption
or right thereby created runs with
the land, subject to which gi)ii|
lands, or any part thereof, could
bo oonvoyod to other Indians, and
is not a rjglit belonging sojoly to
the Chcrokeos, which censed to
exist when tho ownership of }h(^
Oherokees therein terminated.
Whether without express stipu-
lation to 'that effect, the right
granted by treaty to the Cherokee |
Nation, to be exoinpt as to their '
lands, Irom inclusion within the
limits of any territory or state, j
passed with the grant of a portion '
of such lands to the Osage and
Kansas Indians, we need not con
sider because, 'even jf such were :
the law it Is conceded that tin- !
United Stales have, by tho act ol '
May 2, 1890 (2t) Stat, at Ii. 81). j
creating thetorritory olOklshomu, !
included these Osago and Kansas j
Indian lands within tho geographi- ■
cal limits of said territory.
It is well settled thnt'an act ot j "
congress may supersede a prior JV-V
treaty, and that any questions that ;
may arise are beyond the sphere ! t'
ol judicial cognizance and malt be U
met by the p6htlt.nl department of ' >,
the government.
"It need hardly bo said that a
treaty cannot change the constitu-
tion or be held valid if it ho iu vio-
lation of that instrument!. This
results Irom tho nature and funda-
mental principles of our govern-
ment. The effect of treaties ,-,nd
acts of congress, when in conflict,
is not settled b} tho constitution,
Hut the qucslion is not iuvolyod iu
any dun lit as to a prior act of con-
gress (Porter A Rlam v. .Wilson,
27 U. S. 2 Pet. 814 [7:435]); and
an act of congress may supersede a
prior treaty (Taylor v. Marton, 2
Curt.G. C. 454).
''In the cases referred to, theje
principles woro applied to treaties
with foreign nations. Treaties
with Indian nations within the jur-
isdiction ol tho United States, what-
ever considerations of humanity
and good faith may bo involved
and require their faithful observ-
ance, cannot to more obligatory.
. . . In tho cmo under considera-
tion tho act of congress ntust pro-
vail as il the treaty we'-e not an
element to bo considered." TI10
Cherokee Tobacco [207 1-2 lb. pa-
pers Smoking Tabaeeo v. United
States], 78 U, S. 11 Wall. 010 T20:-
227].
Iho taxes in question hero were
uot iniprtitcd on the business of
gracing, or 011 Iho rents reseivod by
the Indians, but on the cattle a*
property ol the leasees,and as we
ANTHONY M. CRAFTON
Lawyer,
Oflice over Bank,
TalUeoL-uaii : : I. T
Win. F. Rasmus,
ATTORNEY- AT-L AW
TAHLEQUAH - - IND. TER.
Office Up stairs in Bank Building.
W T. RICHARDS & CO.
!Iaye the gods and have in-
creased their help, so they
;ire better prepared to serve
tlieii customors without de-
!ay. Their store is filled to
t lie utmost fullness with
New, Fresh Clean Goods.
>
Groceries
riiat will make you fat and
healthy,
Dr^ floods
Clothing, head and footwear
that will make you warm
and comfortable this fall and
winter. Their motto is:
"Merit
Is tho trademark of success,
Value
The true test of Cheapness "
BARBER SHOP
Best E(|uipod Tonsorittl Booms
in tho City.
Four Chairs. Export and Expe-
rienced Workmen.
B. W. FOREMAN PROP
,1T. PAKKS,
Lawyer,
I (Succcssor lo Parks & Parks.)
j OfTlco in P lies Building ncxl
I door to Sontinel office.
TAHLEQUAH - , _ I. T.
ii£
1'. TIIOMPiON.
w. w. n.UTixcs.
Thompson & Hastings.
Attorneys at Law.
I I Ottice in Stapler Block,
Oyer City Drug Sioro
R. L. FITE,
ris.3rclci.ak3a. a.xa.3. G\xxgs^xx,
TAHLEQUAH, - • I,
Calls answered day or night. Ol
In Fite Building, up stairs.
rmseo
LINE.
Tli® St. Xjcvtie <Sz San
Francisco IRy.
The popular through cur route
Irom Vinita and Fort Smith to alj
points in .Missouri, Arkansas, Kan-
sas, Oklahoma, Indian Territory
Texas, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah,
New and old Mexico, Aii ,oiHi'
Idaho, Montana, $e wd i, CalT-
forma, Washington and .Oregon.
The Frisco Lino is also the
most direct lino to St. Louis and
all points east. Elegant Pullman
Palace sleepers, reclining cliaif
cars (scats tree) and coaches on
all through trains.
Tho Frisco is always the first te
get out of old ruts and improve
its facilities for haudling passen-
gers and freight.
PULLMAN
SLEEPING CAR.
The finest sleeping car in the
world. Another advance is tho
introduction of
WELLS-FARGrO
PXVRESS CO,
To tho express business of this
company. Tho above express
company covers lines from tho
Atlantic to tho Gnlf and none
stands higher.
For time luhlps, maps, rales and
luil particulars address tica lis
agent n| iho Fiisco line or t'u
following
I?. F. Yc^iiUM, fioh I lTan-g r,.
St. Louis, Mo-
C. T. Nicholson, (!. 1'. A.,
St. Louis, Mo.
WM. Noblr, T. F. A P. A.,
iSoulh McAlester, I. T
OP. SWEPSTEH,,
The Oldest E-'tublished and
Popular Barber in Tahlequah.
C. a. CM ASTERN. QEO. W. BENOE.
CIIASTEEN & BENGE
Attorneys-at-Law,
Office over Johnston's Krnporium,
Tahlequah, - - I. T
Location—First door north of tho
City Drug Store, Main slreot.
DR. GLAZE,
Host equipped Dental Parlo^
— the Territory.
—4^-r
1
Staked Out
A Cla:m—
_ 1 ,-1 , . , ui mo leasers, ami as we
liny Jnd, •U,0.C" " 10 b0 ! have heretofore ..Id thai such a lax
The l,iem by the Lnitod .States in i loo remote and indirect to be
now lhc i tor>' 011 si\ch itemed a lux or hurden on inter-
Qgtii 11 it meaiiM they're Sktivlied.
of till* \ ' H'"l HUt-S ;tr.' nur. ---/
t)uyii g Casciirela Cnndy CaUiortic ut terms as may ho a^roc4 on bo i 8l®fe co,n.morco ®° ,s it too remote
the rMte of two million boxm a year tween the fTiiitad ^ihiab \ «i ' ' lo ho regarded as an
L d it Will be three U.lllion. before Ne« X,, .Hh , r? '"t-'ferwee with the legislative
Year. It menus merit proved. Hut '"'""M tribes now res prwer of congress.
l/sscarais ure (lie moat deligbtful bowi l 'o' rilory, or any of them, then (lie , J"'1-,"'0' t of the Supremo
regulator lor eviipbodj- thy year diminished reservation shall bt court ol Uuliil.oma is accordingly
round. ,\ll druggists, 10c. Me, 63, a disposed ol by the United State, d.'rectioni n.^eelnn"'^1
P* jp'flranteed. In tho same inuniior and for the j fortuity with this opluion.
set
Ii s a hroad claim Iw
■ii puhlie confidence, and ex-
iending as far as good news
n travel. It jians out a
•s,)iil lull of satisfaction to on r
i -drons. We claim to give
greater grocery value for
every nugget that goes into
ir fill than any g'ocer in
rahlequali. Wo prove this
claim. Put your faith in our
Claim. Buy your groceries
<>f us and you will have
nougli surplus left to invest
u Klondike mining stock.
mi
! DR. LONG'S TAR HONEY
fe not a new untried Cough Remedy.
; but one that has stood the test of io
; years'experience.
It cures all diseases of the Throat
[ Lungs, giving immediate relief in
I the most violent cases of Whooping
i Cough, Croup, Asthma and Bronchi-
j tis. Its soothing and curative action
! in all irritated conditions of the
j Throat and Chest is wonderful. It
i is particularly useful in old chronic
| Coughs.
JPrlce 60 cents a bottle at all Druggists,
l rianulaciured by the
■ HEATH MED CO., Appleton, Wis.
> Oo you suffer with headache ?
:omple*ion sallow?
IF SO USE
fi
It cur« « PunstlpAtlon, Dysprpsia. Heart
Iburu, and all disurderu of tho Stomach
and Liver. Ri>moves Blotches, limpid
and other nklri eruptions, leaving tho com
plexion blooming, clear ami
lh<> l.nnreftt 25 cent package of Tea
on the market.
t or Kale at all DrugvlHta.
KAMPS & SACICSTEDER,
APPLETON, WIS.
Free tuition. We give onu or more free schol-
arships in every county in the U. S. Write us.
Will accept notes for tuition
or can deponit money in bank
until position is secured. Car
fare paid. No vacation. Eu-
Zrositions.
Jucirantood
• 'ttd -r reaujnablt
it at any time. Open for both
aexes. Cheaptx>ard. 5en1 for
" - " . ^ free Illustrated catalogue
[ J. I. I>i^vuauo.v, rres't, «t «khcr placc.
jj Omuffhon'a
>); S3ractlcal......
i;: bualnessum
RJSHVILIE, TENN., GALVESTON ANTTEXARKAIIA, TE*
Doe: keeping, Shorthand, Tjpew rltinff, ttc.
mi i tivrrugft, practical and progressive
rr J I > "N of the kin l iu the world, and the t t
N "onestu the South. IndorsedL>v tmnk-
y. . i .t ints, minuter and othctx f;-.ur
^ - ve'-s pi lv>-.Ickeeping M-ith us are equal to
►. • wHvc weeks by the o!d plan. L P. Draurhon
M I n . 1 r-.t. Is author of Drnughon's Kcrhv-:-m
M i ' lijokkecpitig, "Double Entiy Made lTary/'
[4 , tfetne study. We have prepared, for ! om«
' * -id--. I«x'ksoa bookkeeping, i>enmanihlp and
b ■' ' W lite f r price V-n "Home St u-;v "
>4 • t ' rr or. dbaoohon-1 lrnrned Ixiok-
•' • " home from vnnrl<ook«, while bi ld t-
Ji " Potion as nicht Wbfftmph operator. B.
M ' ''"IN-.well, :i-x kkeeijci for Gert erflkFicks.
N . W^ule ale Grocers South Chicago III
J ! {MsHl.jn.lhit /taper when tvrttimg.)
OFFICE IN HANK BUILUINO.
Dr. O. W. Blake. Dr. Ed. W. Blake.
BLAKE & BLAKE,
Physicians and Surgeons.
Offices 2 & 3 Over City Drug Stor ,
I Tahlequah - - - - I. T
' '.VA V/AWMI I
ipavr-v^y v ri'*p;..'v^fwnon('
mwb
mmm.
'n'lything you i.iv, - . .« .jt vo; al.«o get'1
r DESIGN' i
PHOIfc'CTICN. Siii I, s'.chor photo,
f t free ni 1 >• \ I.
BOOK ON PATENTS1
to ^-1 SNOIv Sl CO.
; Patent Luwycra. WASHINGTON, D C- .
i kvvv%vwv%wvv>xvw*%^vv^%ww%V
1595 sees
! 1 I
-V:. Ut! - r
.:,. T r .
III o ir. n itln (4
IMS! ytll
JTrbrua;n
(2>ctobrr
M*. ji un W
u.tcra.
illair!)
(lobrmbft
aas
I;
;| 'i ;| !j j
11 I- 17 U
,•7 4,i .
Vnnnsl
*1 . • t r
IHIS'5
i4 tS|«fc«7jaaj : jo
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Parks, J. T. The Indian Sentinel. (Tahlequah, Indian Terr.), Vol. 8, No. 13, Ed. 1 Friday, April 1, 1898, newspaper, April 1, 1898; Tahlequah, Indian Territory. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc154883/m1/2/: accessed April 19, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.