The Oklahoma Leader (Oklahoma City, Okla.), Vol. 6, No. 31, Ed. 1 Saturday, February 7, 1920 Page: 3 of 4
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Saturday, February 7
SMS THOUStNDS
nniu
rat intra
„ C. Johnson in House
Charges Officials With
Criminal Negligence.
THE OKLAHOMA LEADER
How Wilson Was Bamboozled
THRF.B
SUCCEEDS FOSTER AS
STEEL UNION SECRETARY
WASHINGTON—Thousands of men
wounded In the war are lying: uncared
for and insufficiently fed in crowded
wards, because Secretary of the Treas-
ury Glass, Surgeon General Blue and
other men responsible are holding up
money appropriated by congress,
Representative Royal C. Johnson,
South Dakota, declared in the house
Tuesday.
Johnsou said if the present con-
ditions of neglect were continued they
would cause the deaths of thousands
of wounded.
Johnson said he visited Fort Sher-
idan a few weeks ago and immediately
1her< fter sent the following telegram
to Secretary of War Baker:
"At Fort Sheridan today I per-
sonally saw many n.en who could
not secure any dinner and a num-
ber of patients who had very short
rations. At least 60 men were not
fed.
INSPECTOR CONFIRMS CHARGE.
"These are all wounded men who
have seen service in France, need
the best of food, and must receive
it. I request that the inspector gen-
eral conduct an investigation to
determine who is responsible for
this condition and see that v .oever
is responsible be punished. Any of
the enlisted men there can furnish
testimony."
As a result of the telegram the in-
spector general's department mad© an
investigation, the conclusions stated
showing truth in Johnson's charges.
In ihe course of his speech John-
eon said:
HAD TO LEAVE BEDS.
"In Chicago on Jan. 15 last Amer
Iran soldiers who had been seriously
wounded, who ought to be receiving
treatment for their wounds, were re
quested to leave the hospital that
other men, in more serious condition,
might take their beds in ine hos-
pital.
"In the hospitals"in Chicago at the
same time—and I believe in other hos
pitals in the United States—men who
were wounded and ill by reason of
their hardships in France are placed
In crowded quarters with insufficient
nir capacity. Wounded and sick men
in these same hospitals are compelled
to do what little vocational work they
ere able to do in bathrooms."
* FAILED TO BUY HOSPITAL.
Although $y,500,000 was given Sec-
retary Glass on March 33, 1919, to
ward -- e purchase of the Broadview
(Speedway) hospital in Chicago, noth-
ing has been done evidently, said
^ Johnson. The hospital would h
supplied 2,500 more beds months ago,
und there is little doubt that 30,000
beds must be provided within the next
two years for men suffering the fier-
effects of the war.
In Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin
alone there will be 3,540 tubercular
cases and 7,4 4 8 nervous cases, accord
ing to the report of the sugeon gen
eral's office.
FRENCH SOCIALISTS
DEMAND FULL AMNESTY
by the federated press.
PARIS—Following the passage by
the last parliament of a feeble am
nesty bill, the Socialists have framed
the following measure:
r It runs: "Full and complete am
nesty is given for the offenses enu-
merated below which have been com-
mitted previous to the passing of this
act: (1) All military offenses and
crimes, with the exception of acts of
espionage and relations with the en-
emy: (2) All political crimes and of-
fenses; (3) All offenses and con-
traventions of orders in connection
with meetings, elections, strikes, and
public demonstrations: (4) All of-
fnses through the expression of opin-
ion in speech and in the press."
How Wilson was bamboozled by Clemenceau at the
peace conference Is the subject of a book soon to be
published in the United States, and written by Maynard
Keynes, who was the principal representative of the
British treasury at the conference and sat as depu > o«
the chancellor of the exchequer on the supreme economic
council up to June 7, 1919. He resigned from thej.e
positions when it became finally evident that hope c°u <
no longer be entertained of substantial modiflcat on
the terms presented to Germany.
Keynes, who condemns the policy of the allies, * .
in part:
"By what legerdemain was this policy substituted for
the fourteen points, and how did the president com
accept it? The answer to these questions is difficult ana
depends on elements of character and psychology an
on subtle-influence of surroundings, which are hard to
detect and harder still to describe. But, if ever the action
of a single individual matters, the collapse of the pres -
dent has been one of the decisive moral events of historj,
and I must make an attempt to explain it.
When President Wilson left Washington, he enjoyed a
prestige and a moral influence throughout the wotld
unequalled In history. The enemy peoples trusted him
to carry out the compart he had made with them. Jn
addition to this moral influence, the realities of power
were in his hands. The American armies were at the
height of their numbers, discipline and equipment.
Europe was in complete dependence on the food supplies
of the United States: and financially she was even more
absolutely at their mercy. Europe not only already
owed the United States more than she could pay; but
only a large measure of further assistance could save
her from starvation and bankruptcy. Never had a phil-
osopher held such weapons wherewith to bind the prlncos
of this world.
The disillusion was so complete, that some of those,
who had trusted most, hardly dared speak of it.
Yet the causes'were very ordinary and human. The
president was not a hero or a prophet; he was not even
- philosopher; but a generously lntentioned man with
many of the weaknesses of other human beings and lack-
ing that Intellectual equipment which would have been
necessary to cope with the subtle and dangerous spell-
binders whom a tremendous clash of forces and personal-
ities had brought to the top as triumphant masters In the
swift game of give and take, fact to fact in council a
game of which he had no experience at all.
We had Indeed quite a wrong idea of the president.
We knew him to be solitary and aloof and believed him
ery strong-willed and obstinate. Wo did not figure him
is a man of detail, but the clearness with which he had
taken hold of certain main ideas would, we thought, in
omblnatlon with his tenacity, enable him to sweep
through cobwebs. Besides these qualities he would have
the objectivity, the cultivation and the wide knowledge
>f the student. The great distinction of language which
had marked his famous notes seemed to indicate a man
of lofty and powerful imagination.
The first glance disclosed, that whatever else he might
be, his temperament was not primarily that of the student
or the scholar. But more serious than this, he was not
only insensitive to his surroundings In the external sense
he was not sensitive to his environment at all. What
chance could such a man have against Mr. Lloyd George's
unerring, almost mediumlike sensibility to everyone im-
mediately round him? To see the British prime minister
watching the company, with six or seven senses not
allable to ordinary men, Judging character, motive and
subconscious impulse, perceiving what each was think-
ing and even what each man was going to say next, and
compounding with telepathic instinct the argument or
appeal best suited to the vanity, weakness or self-interest
of his immediate auditor, was to realize that the poor
president would be playing blind man's buff In that
party. Never could a man have stepped tnto the parlor
more perfect and predestined victim to the finished
accomplishment of the prime minister.
"But if the president was not the philosopher king,
what was he? After all be was a man who had spent
inuch of his life at a uhlverslty. He was by no means
a business man or a ordinary party politician, but a man
of force, personality and importance. What then was
his temperament?
"The clue once found was illuminating. The president
was a nonconformist minister, perhaps a Presbyterian.
His thought and his temperament was essentially theo-
logical not intellectual, with all the strength and weak-
ness of that manner of thought, feeling and expression.
* "With this picture of him in mind, we can return to
the actual course of events. The president's program
for the world, as set forth in his speeches and his notes,
had displayed a spirit and a purpose so admirable that
the last desire of his sympathizers was to criticize details
—the details, they felt, were quite rightly not filled In at
present, but would be In due course. It was commonly
believed at the commencement of the Paris conference
that the president had thought out, with the aid of a
large body of advisers, a comprehensive scheme not only
for th^ league of nations, but for the embodiment of the
fourteen points in an actual treaty of peace. But in fact,
the president had thought out nothing. When it came
to practice, his ideas were nebulous and Incomplete. He
had no plan, no scheme, no constructive ideas whatever
for clothing with the flesh of life the commandments
which he had thundered from the white house.
COMMANDER OF SCUTTLED
FLEET FREED BY BRITISH
LONDON—Admiral von Reuter,
who commanded the interned German
fleet which wa3 scuttled at Scapa
Flow has been released and allowed
to return to Germany. Von Reuter
was interned by British authorities
following the spectacular sinking of
Ihe German ships.
BIG COAL PROFITS
cigures Include $14,076,852
Net Gain of Pittsburgh
Coal Co. for 1917.
WASHINGTON — Figures on al-
leged profits of coal companies In the
years between 1912 and 1918 were
submitted to President Wilson's coal
commission Wednesday by miners in
their attempt to show that the cper-
utors, because of huge profits, can
afford to pay higher wages.
Van Blttner, who presented the fig-
ures for the miners, said they were
taken from financial etatements pub-
lished by Moody and Babson.
Blttner said the Pittsburgh Coal
Co. made a net profit of $1,370,051
<n 1914, while the net profit In 1917
was $14,076,852, and in 1918, $7,167,-
884.
The net profits of the Lehigh Valley
Coal Co. for 1914 were $511,440 and in
1918 they were $3,886,189, Blttner
said. He cited other figures to show
large gains in operators profits and
declared the miners were getting less
than a living wag*
"He not only had no proposals in detail, but he was
In many respects perhaps inevitably, ill-informed as to
European conditions. And not only was he ill-informed
—that was true of Mr. Lloyd George also—but his mind
was slow and inadaptable. The president's slowness
among the Europeans was noteworthy. There can seldom
have been a statesman of the first rank more incompe-
tent than the president in the agilities of the council
chamber. A moment often arrives when substantial vic-
tory is yours if,by some slight appearance of a concession
you can save the face of the opposition or conciliate them
by a restatement of your proposal helpful to them and
not injurious to anything essential to yourself. The pres-
ident was not equipped with this simple and usual art-
fulness. His mind was too slow and unresourceful to
be ready with any alternatives. The president was
capable to digging his toes in and refusing to budge, as
he did over Flume. But he had no other mode of de-
fense, and it needed as a rule but little maneuvering by
his opponents to prevent matters coming to such a head
until it was too late. By pleasantness and an appearance
of conciliation, the president would be maneuvered off
his ground, would miss the moment for digging his toes
in. and, before he knew where he had been got to, it
was too late.
"He did not remedy these defects by seeking aid from
the collective wisdom of his lieutenants. His fellow
plenipotentiaries wore dummies; and even the trusted
Col. House, with vastly more knowledge of men and of
Europe than the president, from whose sensitiveness the
president's dullness had gained so much, fell into the
background as time went on. All this was encouraged
by his colleagues on the Council of Four, who, by the
break up of the Council of Ten, completed the isolation
which the president's own temperament had initiated.
"As the president had thought nothing out, the council
was generally working on the basis of a French and
British draft. He had to take up, therefore, a persistent
attitude of obstruction, criticism and negation, if ine
draft was to become at all in line with his own Ideas
and purpose. If he was met on some points with ap-
parent generosity (for there was always a safe margin
of quite preposterous suggestions which no one took
seriously), It was difficult for him not to yield on others
Compromise was inevitable, and never to compromise
on the essential, very difficult. Besides be was soon
made to appear to bo taken the German part and luid
himself open to the suggestion (to which he was foolish-
ly and unfortunately sensitive) of being 'pro-German.
"After a display of much principle and dignity in the
early days of the Council of Ten, he discovered that there
were certain very Important points in the program of
his French, British or Italian colleagues, as the case
might be, of which he was incapable of securing the
surrender by the methods of secret diplomacy. What
then was he to do in the last resort ? He could let the
conference drag on an endless length by the exercise
of sheer obstinacy. He could break it up and return to
America in a rage with nothing settled. Or he could
attempt an appeal to the world over the heads of the
conference. These were wretched alternatives, against
each of which a great deal could be nald. They are also
♦ery risky—especially for a politician. It would mean
a campaign in which the issues would be clouded by
every sort of personal and party consideration, and who
could say if right would triumph in a struggle which
would certainly not be decided on Its merits. * Besides,
any open rupture with his colleagues would certainty
bring upon his head the blind passions of 'anti-German
resentment with which the public of all allied countries
were still inspired,
"The cry would simply be that for various sinister and
selfish reasons, the president wished 'to let the Hun oft*.'
The almost unanimous voice of the French and British
press could be anticipated. Thus if he threw down the
gage publicly he might be defeated. And if lie were de-
feated, would not the final peace be far worse than if
he were to retain his prestige and endeavor to make it
as good as the limiting conditions of European politics
would allow him? But above all, if he were defeated,
would he not lose the league of nations? And was not
this, after all. by far the most important issue for th-:-
future happiness of the world? The treaty would be
altered and softened by time. Much In it which now
seemed so vital would become trifling, and much that
was impracticable would for that very reason never
happen. But the league, even in an imperfect form,
was permanent; it was the first commencement of a new
principle of the government of the world; truth and
Justice in International relations could not be established
in a few months—they must be born In due course by
the slow gestation of the league Clemenceau had been
clever enough to let It be seen that he would swallow
the league at a price. ^
"Now it was that, that which I have called his (Wil-
son's) theological or Presbyterian temperament, became
dangerous. Having decided that some concessions were
unavoidable, he might have sought by firmness and ad-
dress and the use of the financial power of the United
States to secure as much as he could of the substance
even at some sacrifice of the latter. But the president
waa not capable of so clear an understanding with him-
self as this Implied. Although compromises were now
necessary, he remained a man of principle and the four-
teen points a contract absolutely binding upon him. He
would do nothing that was contrary to his great pro-
fession of faith. Thus without any abatement of the
verbal inspiration of the fourteen points, they became
a document for gloss and Interpretation and for all the
intellectual apparatus of self-deception, by which, I dare
.say, the president's forefathers had persuaded themselves
that the course they thought It necessary to take was
consistent with every syllable of the Pentateuch.
"The president's attitude to his colleagues had now
become: I want to meet you as far as I can. I see your
difficulties and I should like to be able to agree to what
you propose; but I can do nothing that is not just and
right, and you must first of all show me that what you
want docs really fall within the words of the pronounce-
ments which are binding on me.' Then began the weav-
ing of sophistry and Jesuitical exegesis that was flnallv
to clothe with insincerity the language and substance of
the whole treaty. The subtlest sophists and most hypo-
critical draftsmen were set to work and produced many
Ingenious exercises which might have deceived for more
than an hour a cleverer man than the president.
"Thus Instead of saying that German'Austria is prohib-
ited from uniting with Germany except by leave of
France (which would be Inconsistent with the principle
of self-determination; the treaty, with delicate drafts-
manship, states that 'Germany acknowledges and will
respect strictly the independence of Austria, within the
frontiers which may be fixed In a treaty between that
state and the principal allied and associated powers; she
agrees that this Independence shall be Inalienable, except
with the consent of the council of the league of nations,'
which Bounds, but is not, quite different. And who knows
but that the president forgot that another part of the
treaty provides that for this purpose the council of the
league must be unanimous.
"Instead of giving Danzig to Poland, the treaty estab-
lishes Danzig as a 'free' city, but includes this 'free' city
within the Polish customs frontier, entrusts to Poland
the control of the river and railway system, and provid
that 'the Polish government shall undertake the conduct
of the foreign relations of the free city of Danzig as well
as the diplomatic protection of citizens of that city when
abroad.'
"GRAHAM SEDITION BILL VIOLATES
FUNDAMENTAL AMERICAN RIGHTS"
Measure Goes Beyond Constitutional Bounds of
Federal Jurisdiction, Says Alfred Bettman,
Former Assistant Attorney General.
James G. Brown, Everett. Wash.,
who succeeds W. Z. Foster as secre-
tary of the Steel Workers' union
Brown was the former president of
the Timber Workers' International
union and is president of the shingle
weavers of America.
BHITISHVESSEL IS
Anti-Bolshevik Leader
ported With Staff in
Constantinople.
dt the federated imibhs
WASHINGTON—The Graham sedl
Hon bill, now pending in the house,
"goes beyond the constitutional bounds
of the federal Jurisdiction and vio-
lates the fundamental principle of
American nnd Anglo Saxon civil lib-
erties." This Is the opinion delivered
by Alfred Bettman, Cincinnati, able
constitutional lawyer and during the
war special assistant attorney general
special charge of sedition esses.
In response to s request by the Amer-
ican Union Against Militarism, with
headquarters here.
VIOLATES STATE HIGHT.
Under our constitutional system
protection of private persona or prop
erty Is reposed exclusively In the state
governments." says the opinion. "The
federal government has no Jurisdiction
over such protection, nor can the al-
leged purposes for which nets of vio-
lence were cominltteed against private
persons or property be used to give
Jurisdiction to the federal government,
for the reason that that would be
punishing the purpose nnd not the
acts. To punish the purpose would
be contrary to all fundamental prin-
ciples of American constitutional law.
Therefore all the provisions of sections
2. f., 9. 10 and 11, insofar as they re-
late to private persona or property,
would be unconstitutional, since they
are beyond the Jurisdiction of the fed
eral government.
• The iwme Is probably true of vlo
lence against a state government, be-
cause the only method provided in
the constitution for the protection of
state governments against internal
\ iolence Is the sending of federal
troops.
"The use of such words as 'sug-
gested' and 'taught' In section 4 are
dangerous to freedom of speech and
contrary to American tradition.
"Penal law* should define crime
with such exactitude that nothing is
left to arbitrary decision or the pre-
judices of the court and the Jury.
Section 6 maintains a peace time een-
sorHhip contrary to the American
principle that this Is a government of
law and not of men. It Is also con-
trary to the fundamental Anglo*SaXon
principle of liberty of speech and
press, which Is that there shall be no
suppression In advance, but only re-
sponsibility after publication.
"Sections 9, 10 and 11 also violate
the fundamental principle of Amer-
ican and Anglo-Saxon Institutions:
namely, that guilt is personal and not
by the association. If enacted those
sections would place upon American
statute books a Prussian and czarlstlc-
ltusslun Institution.
' Section 6 of the present penal code,
and other sections of that code, cover
ry possible case of seditious con-
spiracy against the government of the
United States and every act of violence
or reslstence against the authority of
the United States.
Re-
iSTONE HINTS AT UNION
ECONOMIC FIELD TO
CUT COST OF LIVING
PARIS—According to a Zurich dis-
patch to The Echo de Paris, Gen.
Denlklne and his staff have taken
refuge on board a British vessel at
Constantinople.
U. S. MEN LEAVING SIBERIA.
WASHINGTON—The movement of,
the American expeditionary forces out!
of Siberia began Jan. 17, said
layed cablegram received Tuesday at
the war department reporting the de-
parture on that date ot the transport I cuttinK ou, the middlemen and buying
Great Northern for Manila with 41 co-operatively," he asserted.
officers and 1,700 men. J Close students of the labor situation
The department Tuesday asked th« see a special significance In Stone's
allied governments to furnish It with I views with relation to the proposed
more complete details concerning the , union of the Nonpartisan league and
manner In which the plan-for permit- I other radical organizations with the
ting trade with soviet Russia is to be railway brotherhoods. It Is under-
InsUtuted. The rules set down in a «tood that plans for close co-operution
note from the allies do not satisfy the , \n the economic and political field will
state department that the project is be formulated.
practicable, and for that reason more —
detailed information i.s sought. 80 PER CENT OF KOLCHAK'S
by the federated press
CLEVELAND—"The locomotive en-
gineers are not contemplating a wage
Increase," said Warren E. Stone, grand
| chief of the Brotherhood of ivocomo-
tive Engineers, at a meeting held In
\ this city recently.
'it Is of no use for us to get a 20
per cent increase In wages If the cost
I of living goes up more than that,
must stop this eternal spiral by
LAW NOT NEEDED.
"T cannot see clearly why ther*
should be need for further legislation,
unless It Is desired to reach Individual
advocacy of violence against federal
officials or federal property, which are
not a part of any conspiracy. If so,
such legislation should be carefully
restricted to advocacy of violence
against federal officials or property, as
1h the language of the present seditious
conspiracy section of the federal
penal code.
"The bill as reported by the hou?s
Judiciary committee In the respects
pointed out. goes beyond the constitu-
tional bounds of the federal Jurisdic-
tion and violates the fundamental
principle of American and Anglo-
Saxon civil liberties."
BILL BEFORE FRENCH
CHAMBER GIVES "SEX
EQUALITY" BIG BOOST
PARIS—The movement for "sex
equality" In France had been given
new impetus Thursday by introduc-
tion of a bill into the chamber of
deputies requiring all future leglsla-
tloh to recognlzze the equal position
of men and \yomen.
The bill was introduced by Deputy
Jules Guesde late Wednesday. It
would suppress all legislation which
makes woman's position Inferior to
that of man and \frould give her equal
benefit with man under all laws now
existing.
PASSPORTS ARE DENIED
BRITISH DELEGATES TO
BERNE SOCIALIST MEET
ERZBERGERSUFFERS MUCH
PAIN; CONDITION CRITICAL
BERLIN—According to The I^okal
Anzoiger. the condition of Mathlas
Erzberger is critical. Cardiac trouble
developed, accompanied by violent wounded with their own guns, ac
pain. cordlm? to a British officer.
LONDON — Passports for James
Ramsay MacDonald and Charles
MEN SHOT BY OWN GUNS Roden Buxton to go to Russia as part
of a delegation appointed by the In-
ternational Socialist congress at Berne,
have been denied by the British gov-
ernment. The decision was taken
after consultation by Premier Lloyd
George with Premiers Nlttl of Italy
and MUlerand of France.
BY THE FEDERATED PRESS,
TOKIO—The majority of Kol-
chak's soldiers have been unwilling
to flRht, and fully 80 per cent of the
wounded soldiers sent back were
"In placing the river system of Germany under foreign
control, the treaty speaks of declaring International those
'river systems which naturally provide more than one
state with access to the sea. with or without transshl
ment from one vessel to another.*
"Such instances could be multiplied. The honest and
intelligible purpose of French policy to limit the popula
tion of Germany and weaken her economical system is
clothed, for the president's sake in the august language
of freedom and International equality.
"At last the work was finished; and the president's
conscience was still intact. In spite of everything, I be-
lieve that his temperament allowed htm to leave Paris
a really sincere man: and It is probable that to this da?
he Is genuinely convinced that the treaty contains prac
tlcally nothing inconsistent with his former professions.
"Thus it was that Clemenceau brought to success what
had seemed to be a few months before the extraordi-
nary and Impossible proposal that the Germans should
not be heard. If only the president had not been ho
conscientious, if only he had not concealed from himself
what he had been doing, even at the last moment he was
in a position to have recovered lost ground and to have
achieved some very considerable successes, But the
president was set. His arms and legs had been spliced
by the surgeons to a certain posture, and they must be
broken again before they could be altered. To his
horror Mr. Lloyd George desiring at the last moment all
the moderation he dared, discovered that he could not In
five days perBuade the president of error In what It hod
taken five months to prove to him to be Just and right.
After all It was harder to de-bamboozle him, for the
former Involved his belief in and respect for himself.
"Thus in the last act the president stood for stubborn-
ness and a refusal af conciliations."
NATIONALIZATION STAND
OF BRITISH COTTON LABOR
IS UNCHANGED BY BONUS
BY THE FEDERATED PRESS.
LONDON—The growing movement
among cotton workers for nationaliza-
tion of the cotton industry in England
has not been checked by the "entirely
gratuitous" conferring of a 17,600,000
bonus on the employer
Union leaders declare that the issu-
ing of this sum is meant to
smooth the way for the readjustment
of wages which is due in March, and
to dampen down the ardor of the
workers for taking over the mills and
running them for their own benefit.
In view of the fact that the mills
have inflated then capital and will
GOLDMAN AND BERKMAN
ARE HOUSED IN SM0LNY
WASHINGTON—The 249 radicals
recently deported to soviet Russia by
the United States government have
roached Petrograd, and are quartered
at Smolny Institute, according to a
cablegram from Emma Goldman and
Alexander Berkman, the leaders of
the deported party, to a friend In
New York, made public here Tuesday
night by Ludwlg C. A. K. Martens,
soviet representative.
thus have to screw down wages to
meet dividends, the unions are becom-
ing more convinced that, a crisis is
approaching in their industry, in
wi#rh the only remedy will be na-
tionalization.
GERMAN INDEPENDENTS
CARRY 29 OF 60 SEATS
IN ELBING ELECTION
BY THE FEDERATED PRESS.
BERLIN—At the recent municipal
elections In Elblng, an Industrial city!
of CO,000, the Independent Socialist
party returned 29 out of 60 seats In
the council, while th^majority Social-
ists secured only five. Eight other
parties took part in the contest, and
together elected the remaining 26
aldermen.
The Leipziger Volksblatt ascribes
the success of the Independents chiefly
to the fact that they have a vigorous
dally paper, which circulated widely
among the workers in the torpedo
bout and machine shops. ,
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The Oklahoma Leader (Oklahoma City, Okla.), Vol. 6, No. 31, Ed. 1 Saturday, February 7, 1920, newspaper, February 7, 1920; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc148997/m1/3/: accessed April 23, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.