Garber Sentinel. (Garber, Okla.), Vol. 18, No. 50, Ed. 1 Thursday, September 6, 1917 Page: 2 of 8
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THE SENTINEL,
in
Lone Star state
some
■m
RP^I
'CM
jymM
to breeding count-
large white worms-
ones, the kind that
squish when you step on
'em, girls-and giving
them tender care, for
they produce the gossa-
mer threads that are
woven into lovely fabrics
By ROBERT H. MOULTON
FTER throe hundred
years of failure In dif-
ferent parts of the Unit-
ed Stiites, there has re-
cently been firmly estab-
lished near Austin, Tex.,
a silk plantation of 40
acres which gives every
promise of unqualified
success. The trees covering the 40
acres of this plantation were Imported
from France and are of the most ap-
proved variety for feeding the worms.
The fact that the production of co-
coons Is going forward at the rate of
40,000 n month shows what can be
done In this Industry,
It has been i'ound that climatic and
other conditions in Texas make it the
ideal place for the development of the
silk Industry. The silk crop Is surer
than any other crop and involves lit-
tle risk or trouble, while the occupa-
tion Is pleasant and the returns are
safe and substantial. A crop grows
every twenty-five days and six crops
are produced In a year, whereas in
Europe the season lasts but two
months, and only one crop a year is
produced. Furthermore, the soli of
Texas Is so well adapted to the culti-
vation of the mulberry tre^s that they
can he grown In a few months, while
In Europe they require at least five
years.
What Is known here as the mulberry
tree Is called the golden tree In China,
Raider Destroys Harmful Insects
and Need Not Be Exter-
minated.
LIFE HABITS OF EXPLODER
Cocoons and Caterpillars Feeding
the/ will also Increase in food-furnish-
ing rapacity. A three-year-old tree
will furnish between tlt'ly and seventy-
flve pounds of leaves; a tive-yeur-old
tree will make eighty-five to a hun-
dred pounds. The product of a ten-
year-old tree will be proportionately
larger.
By Increased attention and addition-
al help during the last period of feed-
ing the worms, the crop can he prac-
tically doubled from six ounces of eggs
and two acres of land. Two acres of
one or tw6-year-old trees will produce
s lr 0 to $200, .representing the income
from the first crop; but since the rais-
ing of six crops Is possible In one!
year, #800 to $1,000 may be safely ex-1
pected of the mulberry trees. This
very creamy yellow. The cocoon of
the male has a slightly drawn portion
around the middle, so that it dips in
the center. The cocoon of the female
Is regular.
At this time there are two possibili-
ties for the grower to consider. Hi-
ther the worm must be sacrificed that
superior silk may be obtained, or the
perfect quality of the silk must be
sacrificed for the propagation of the
species, since the worm, after its me-
tamorphosis, wets the end of the co-
coon forces apart the closely-woven
silken threads and crawls out of Its
capsule. Since the little creatures are
at this stage peculiarly susceptible to
tuberculosis germs, each is subjected
to an examination under the micro-
I'fflHJ til llie iiiijiiHi i ,y 11 * in--
involves very little trouble; indeed, j scope to determine the conditionlof its
all that Is needed to lteep the trees in , lungs. A diseased specimen AS de-
stroys. After a few days the fe-
male settles on a piece of paper and
begins to lay. Three hundred eggs are
laid the first day, the same number the
second day, and two hundred the third
day. Then, her labors, accomplished,
the moth dies. These eggs do not
er
good condition is to keep them well I
trimmed and clear of weeds.
Silk culture originated in China, the
land of gorgeously embroidered cloth
and tapestry. As far back as TOO B. |
C., efforts were made by outsiders to j
learn the secret of the Industry and
to obtain some of the eggs, but, with j hatch until the following year.
true Oriental cunning, the yellow mA | Since the exit of the moth weakens
defied the robbers and remained snug- the end of the cocoon, ir. older o o)
ly and safely within their walls. In |
200 A. I)., the Armenian king sent I
monks to the empire In the capacity j
I of teachers, supposedly, whose real i
motive was the acquisition of eggs and j
I silkworms. After some time two of
Leveling of Ridges by Means of Roller
Tends to Discourage Further In-
cursions of Animals—Ready
Market for Skins.
(Prepared by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture.)
The case against the garden mole Is
not clear-cut. The damage thut it does
by burrowing in the soil and uprooting
plants is somewhat offset by its help-
ful habit of feeding upon insects and
in working the soil. A specialist in the
bureau of biological survey of the
United States department of agricul-
ture, who has made a careful study of
this underground explorer, concludes
that judgment ygainst the mole may
be rendered when it actually Invades
the lawn or garden—the overt act-
but that no general warfare against
an insect-eating mammal should be en-
couraged. In Farmers' Bulletin 583,
"The Common Mole of Eastern United
States," a report is made of investi-
gations in the life habits and meth-
ods of destroying this animal when
necessary.
Trapping is the most effective moans
for putting an end to mole depreda-
tions. Although this bulletin consid-
ers the common garden mole of East-
ern United States, to a great extent
the instructions for trapping it apply
to all American moles. Three general
types of traps—the harpoon, the scis-
sors-jaw, and the choker—are on the
market, and most of them give good
results. Specific instructions for
handling any particular make should
be obtainable from the manufacturer.
Successful Mole Trap.
In general, a mole trap can be suc-
cessfully operated only when set on
that part of the runway that Is near
enough to the surface to upridge the
sod or soil. A little observation will
soon enable one to distinguish the new-
er and more frequently used runways
from those that have been partially
jr wholly abandoned. In placing the
trap, one of the stretches of the run
that seems to be- leading in some defi-
nite direction should be selected rath-
er than one of the turns of a laby-
rinth that may not be traversed every
other 12 earthworms. The presence
of starchy material in some of the
stomachs 'is proof that the mole oc-
casionally finds vegetable food, as cer-
tain seed grains," softened by con-
tact with the moist soil, an acceptable
addition to its worm and insect diet.
Seed coats of corn, wheat, oats, and
peanuts have been identified in a few
stomachs.
Market for Skins.
Moleskins have found a ready mar-
ket In recent years owing to the grad-
ually decreasing number of wild fur-
bearing animals. A new industry
amounting to many thousands of dol-
lars annually might be developed in
this country in the utilization of mole-
skins, the specialist believes. It is not
feasible to attempt to breed moles for
their pelts, but fathers' boys or oth-
ers may easily earn small profits by
capturing moles found damaging crops
or seriously interfering with garden
plants, cemeteries or lawns. In-
formation regarding addresses of firms
that will purchase moleskins, the care
of skins, and home tanning will be
furnished by the biological survey on
request.
SOIL SERVES AS A STOMACH
Expression "Available Plant Food" la
Explained by Expert of Mis-
souri College.
Every reader of a farm paper must
have encountered frequently the ex-
pression "available plant food. As
defined by R. R. Hudelson of the Uni-
versity of Missouri College of Agricul-
ture, it means the plant food which
will readily dissolve in the soil water
so that the plant can take it up. In
the animal stomach there are certain
digestive fluids that dissolve the food
so that it can be absorbed into the
blood stream. The soil must serve as
a stomach for plants and as the plant
food dissolves in the soil water it is
absorbed into the plant juices and
moves up through the plant, where it
can he used. The extra water evapo-
rates from the leaves and moves up,
giving a constant circulation. From
this It can be seen that only dissolved
plant food can be used. Almost all
soil materials can be dissolved to a
slight extent, but often the rate ot
dissolving is too slow.
Great Artist Made Drawings on
Pavement for Pennies.
because the tree has brought golden
harvests to the successful silk growers
of that country. With the splendid
conditions for the successful cultiva-
tion of silk surrounding the people of
the South, It Is a marvel that tjiey
have not long ago declared their Inde-
pendence of the European silk grow-1
ers and entered upon an Industry that
Is more remunerative than agriculture, j
horticulture, lumber or mine Industry.
The American people, especially those
living In the favored South, could and
should raise their own raw silk, and
thus keep at home the $200,000,000
which they pay out to foreign coun-
tries each year for their raw slllc.
the monks managed to escape to Con-
stantinople with their precious booty, i
Here they sold n few eggs at a fabu-1
lops price, but for lack of knowledge ]
and proper care on the part of the
owners, these specimens died. In Ar-
menlu, under the care of the two
monks, a successful farm was started.
From this nucleus the Industry spread
to Include principally Japan and
France. Its Introduction Into Texas
was the result of the efforts of Mr.
Walter E. Long of the Austin chamber
of commerce.
Silkworm eggs may be kept In cold
storage at n temperature of 32 to 85
degrees for a period of ten to twenty
Think of a country where six crops j years. When desired for hatching
can be made in one silk producing sea- they are placed In plain wooden boxes
bon, and where the season extends with an even 'empernture of 50 to <;
from March to October. How does degrees. After eight days n tiny, ugly
that compare with cotton, which re- , and ravenously hungry worm appears
quires 40 weeks for Its cultivation and
which only yields one crop n year?
The character of the labor connect-
ed with the silk-growing Industry Is al-
so a point in Its favor. The work Is
nearly all Inside, light, pleasant and In-
teresting. A fiiinily of live can easily
take cafe of a crop of six ounces of
silk-worm eggs every twenty-live or
thirty days. The average prlco of the
eggs Is $0 per ounce. An ounce of
eggs will produce 120 to 150 pounds
of fresh, or forty to fifty pounds of
dry cocoons, By subjecting the fresh
cocoon to a heating or steaming pro-
cess, the chrysalis In the silk cocoon
is killed and the cocoon Is rendered
thoroughly dry and light. For the
production of u crop of 250 pounds of
cocoons u quantity of between 10,000
and 12,000 pounds of mulberry leaves
Is required as ford for the silkworms
from the time they are hatched out
from eggs until they assume the
chrysalis form. The white mulberry
Is the best and Is preferred by success-
ful growers at the age of one or two
years. These trees will produce from
twenty to thirty pounds of leaves each,
or, lu other words, 400 two-year-old
trees will produce 12,000 pounds of
leaves. The proper way to cultivate
mulberry trees Is to plant them 12 feet |
apart, allowing 1102 trees to the acre. | grows,
It will thus be seen that for the pro-
duction of the above crop of dry co-
coons two acres of land will be sutll-
clent, but If the trees develop rapidly
He has eight eyes, six short feet and
IgUt sprawling hind ones. Sometimes
tain the best quality of silk, the worm
must be sacrificed. The cocoon is
placed in n chemical substance which
kills the Inclosed moth. It Is then
soaked In warm water for a couple of
hours. By turning the cocoon around,
the tiny, loose end of the thread is
found and placed on a four-pronged
cog, which revolves and gradually un-
winds the 18,000 yards of the cocoon
into a smooth hank. This raw mate-
rial is then- ready to be sent North to
the manufacturers.
Before the war, raw silk sold for
$3.50 per pound. Now the price Is $8,
Nor Is it likely to be lowered In the
near future. There are a thousand
cocoons in a pound. Each pound of
silk makes from ten to fifty yards of
goods. Strange as It may appear. It
is much cheaper to make silk into goods
| tlrnn it Is to make cotton. The short
i liber of the cotton must he spun Into
; thread, while the silk hank Is one un-
| broken thread 18,000 yards In length,
| and is ready to be spun directly Into
| cloth. The United States In 1914 Im-
I ported $200,000,000 worth of raw silk.
This equals In value a bumper crop of
] cottoh in Texas. With the possibilities
PREVENT DISEASE OF STOCK
Many Places Where Parasites and
Germs Are Harbored—Danger in
Feeding Green Corn.
Proper cleaning of the farm would
largely eliminate sickness of stock.
Many persons think their place Is
properly cleaned when in reality it
I lias dozens of places in the lots and
I pastures which are harbors for para-
I sites and disease germs.
There is scarcely a vicinity, where
hogs are grown to any extent, that
I lias not some disease. The same dras-
tic measures that are used with foot-
i and-mouth disease, glanders, or any
j other fatal stock disease should bt
j taken to free these vicinities from hog
cholera.
There are only a very few -herds
| that are not infected more or less wifli
| parasites. There is much danger from
I feeding green corn since It has a na-
tural tendency to lower the vitality of
growing hogs.
Many Famous Writers Spent the Later
Years of Their Life and Died
in Abject Poverty.
It has sometimes been said that it Is
mediocrity that makes money, and
while this may not be true, it Is cer-
tain that genius is not unacquninted
with the gutter, observes a writer in
London Tit-Bits. Everybody knows
that Francis Thompson, the poet, sold
matches on Ludgate hill among the
venders of penny toys, and that James
Thompson, the author of the "City of
Dreadful Night," made his regular dor-
mitory the Thames embankment. No
wonder he found so apt a title for his
masterpiece 1
One of the most tragical Instances of
genius in the gutter is presented by
Simeon Solomon, the pre-Raphaellte
artist, friend and comrade of Rosettl,
Iturne-Jones and Swinburne, and of
every artistic and literary notability
of his day.
Perhaps he had gypsy blood as well
as Jewish blood in his veins, or inher-
ited some wild strain from nomadic
forbears. Be that as It may, he went
down and down till the man who had
exhibited in all the galleries and sa-
lons became a pavement artist, beg-
ging pennies for crude chalk drawings
on the flagstones! And he was a fail-
ure at it. Many n man born and bred
to It could beat his head off. He died
in the workhouse.
Stephen Phillips, the poet and
dramatist, who wrote "Paolo and Fran-
cesco" for Sir George Alexander, who
staged It lavishly, and "Herod" for Sir
Herbert Tree, who staged It gorgeous-
ly, and who was a poet of universal re-
nown. died quite lately, leaving only
the sum of £5. He was never nctually
in the gutter, hut he must have been
occasionally over the poverty line.
Paul Verlaine, the Parisian poet,
woke up one night to find n couple of
burglars in his room. Shortly before
he had been driven by poverty to sell
every stick of furniture, and was re-
duced to sleeping on a sack. Ills vis-
itors were so touched by this evidence
of his dire poverty that they gave him
a franc apiece and took their depart-
ure.
Goldsmith lived in a slum for yeafs,
and had often not a stiver to bless
himself with. He would perforce spend
days together in bed, afraid to stir out
on account of the bailiffs.
If St. James' square could tell its
story it would reveal Samuel Johnson,
the sage of Fleet street, walking round
and round, with the prince of literary
vagabonds, Richard Savage, talking
the night away, because neither of
them could raise the price of a night's
lodging! So, though things are in-
finitely better than they were, it is
evident that the eighteenth century
had not the only Grub street, and that
it is still possible to combine poverty
and genius.
ORDER FRUIT CRATES EARLY
United States Department of Agricul-
ture Urges Farmers to Make Nec-
essary Preparation.
he Is banded or otherwise character- ' of n successful native silk farm, we
l7,ed by racial marks. Ho grows slow-
ly until about ten days old, and he
sheds his skin every six or seven days.
At the age of ten days the worm sud-
denly seems to reall/.e Ills Insig-
nificance, for from thnt time un-
til he is full grown he devours
at a swift pace the tender mulberry
leaves which are most conveniently
placed In front of his greedy nose, cut-
ting Into the tissues with a semicircu-
lar swath. He attains full growth like
the miraculous beanstalk, since, when
twenty-eight days old. ho Is 14,000
times his sire at hatching.
The grown worm is now ready to be-
i not go outside of our own boun
durles; we need not pay Import tax on
raw material for home consumption.
Dr. V. K. Oslglnn, an Armenian and
a graduate of the Universities of Tur-,
key and France, is In charge of the
Austin farm. He Is at work on one
of the most Interesting problems con-
; nected with the product.on of silk.
IJke the magicians of fable and fairy-
j land, he possesses a secret compound
\ which he sprinkles on the mulberry
leaves, and the worms react to this
nnd produce colored threads. To what
i point this formula and Its reactions iti
producing fadeless, dyed-iu tho-muklng
proble-
gln his envelope. Carefully he noses silk can be carried Is. as yet,
around the oak branch placed in front matlcal. But Doctor Oslgian is liope-
of him until an advantageous spot Is ! ful that a species may be found which
found. This is usually at the fork of ; will bo characterized by tho produc-
two small branches, where ho can eas- j tlon of certain colors, and that from
lly fasten his gelatinous framework, these cross colors may be evolved.
He works sluggishly at first, gluing to- j There are now 12,000 trees In the
gether in Ills mouth the two threads j Austin farm and 100,000 trees which
of silk that come from the large glands ! will be ready to set out on the first of
on either side of the body, and weav- j November, 101T. One acre of niulber-
lng a glistening silk web of thin, s ry trees will produce from $100 to $1,-
scareely discernible threads. In three 000 worth of silk lu a year's time, de-
days the worm Is hidden In a thick en- pending upon the size of the trees,
veiope of soft threads. As the cocoon The trees are kept down to a height
tho worm diminishes, so that
at the completion of the web he Is ouo-
thlrd of Ills original size. The finished
cocoon is a silky, delicate, oblong
structure, whose natural color Is a
Ironical Conversation.
Two front-row, or possibly they were
third-row girls, were walking up and
down the platform of the Times square
subway station, says a New York cor-
respondent. Their conversation was so
audible that many passengers listened.
It was mainly about several "guys"
they were acquainted with who "beat"
the drnft. Then their talk turned to
their own sex. "Gee, did yer hear
•bout Pearl?" asked one. "Naw, what's
Pearl doln' now?" from the other.
"Wh/i whadye think of the nerve of
her. She sez she's posln' for n llvln'."
'Tosln', huh," and the second shifted
her wad of chewing gtnn In disbelief.
"An' what's she posln' fer? Some 'ad'
that takes In soap powder for liouse-
cleanln' purposes, I suppose." And the
train stopped the flow of conversation.
Not That Kind of a Servitor,
Tho Lending Heavy—Hurry with
my order. I am accustomed to being
served In a hurry.
The Walter—I don't doubt It; but
I am uo sheriff.—I'uck.
of S or l> feet, making It easy to pick
the leaves. Corn planted between the
trees shows that the soil can be used
for agricultural purposes until the
trees are grown.
Well, Why Not?
Slio (as Smith Is allowing the
"chaw Juice" to trickle over the horse-
hide) -Oh, why does that little follow
out there all alone do that every time
Just before he throws the ball?
He (gently but calmly)—Well, you
see, he always uses tho same ball In
every game he pitches and he hns be-
come so attached to It tlmt he always
kisses good-bye before he throws It,
for fear that tho batter may bunt It
over the fence and lose It. (Thick
silence.)
Mole Traps—a, Harpoon; b, Scissor
Jaw; c, Choker.
time the mole eomos into the vicinity.
Before setting the trap it Is well to
ascertain the course of the burrow by
thrusting down a lead pencil or a stick
of about the some size. The trap se-
lected should then be lined up with
the course as nearly as possible; lhat
Is, the Jaws of the sclssor-jaw type
should be astride it, the loops of the
choker type should encircle it, and the
spikes of the harpoon type should be
directly above it. If the harpoon type
Is used, it is best to force the Im-
paling spikes Into the ground once or
twice to facilitate their penetrating
into the burrow when the trap is later
sprung. Thhs type of trap injures the
pelts of moles, nnd Is not recommend-
ed for use when it is desired to pre-
serve the fur.
Repeated leveling of the mole ridges
on the lawn by means of n roller not
only tends to discourage the animals
from making further incursions, but
prevents that injury to the grass
roots which otherwise would result,
and restores to the lawn Its more
sightly appearance.
Unjustly Blamed.
The mole Is blamed for much dam-
age It does not do, the specialist ex-
plains, because other small animals,
particularly voles or meadow mice,
deer mice, and sometimes ordinary
house mice use the convenient run-
ways of the mole for marauding. Most
of the Injury to seed grains, tubers,
nnd roots of cultivated plants is di-
rectly chargeable to these Intruding
rodents, as an examination of the
toothmarks on tho damaged prod-
ucts will show.
From nn examination of the stomach
contents of 200 moles taken in all
months of the year It was found that
earthworms and white grubs-constitute
the bulk of the food. Beetles and
their larvae anc other Insects that en-
ter the ground, spiders, centipedes,
cocoons, and puparla also form a part
of the diet. In one stomach were found
the remains of 171 small white grubs,
tn another 10 cutworms, nnd In au-
Fruit growers are again being urged
by the United States department of
agriculture to place their orders for
fruit packages at the earliest possible
moment in order to insure their de-
livery when needed. It seems that the
supply is likely to he scarce and the
price high. Shipments should be made
early as there is likely to be a slow
delivery of anything that looks like
non-perishable freight.
LIGHTER SOILS FOR MILLET
Plants Are Heavy Feeders and Neetf
Full Supply of Plant Food for
Their Bost Growth.
Millet does best on the lighter soils
nnd those that are well drained, loams
nnd sandy loams giving tho largest
yields. Heavy, poorly drained soils nre
entirely unfit for the crop. The plants
are heavy feeders, nnd need n full sup-
ply of plant food for their best growth.
On poor lnnd, finely rotted stable
manure should be plowed down before
planting.
OATS AND PEA HAY MIXTURE
Rather Hard to Cure on Account oi
High Moisture Content—Handle
Hay Carefully.
This mixture is rnther hard to cure
on account of Its high content of mois-
ture. It should be cut when the oats
are In the milk and not luter to make
the best hay. The hay should be han-
dled carefully and kept cocked If the
weather is unfavorable. The less it Is
exposed to rain after being cut the
better hay It makes.
Tradition and Good Books.
Good books, like well-built houses,
must have tradition behind them. Tho
Homers and Sluikespeares and Goethes
spring from rich soil left by dead cen-
turies; they are like native trees that
grow so well nowhere else, says Henry
Seldel Canby in the Yale Review. The
little writers—hacks who sentimental-
ize to the latest order, nnd display
their plot novelties like bargains on an
advertising page—are just as tradi-
tional. The only difference is that
their tradition goes back to books in-
stead of life. Middle-sized authors—
the very good and the probably endur-
ing—nre successful largely because
they have gripped u tradition and fol-
lowed it through to contemporary life.
This is what Thackeray did in ""Vanity
Fair," Howells In "The Rise lof Silas
Lapham," and Mrs. Wharton (in "The
House
book*
shamel
emotions of groundhogs and turtles
thut call themselves nature 'oooks—
nre the most traditional *>[
they plunge directly into fvlmt might
be called the adventures o^ 1110 Ameri-
can sub-conscious. *
pham, and Mrs. wnarton tin
use of Mirth." But back-ti.-nuture
iks—both the sound ones uiid those
uueless exposures of the /private
CULTIVATE EARLY AND OFTEN
Constant Work Will Keep Soil In Ideal
Physical Condition and Keep
Out Harmful Weeds.
Constant cultivation should be the
rule, for tills will keep the soil In ur
Ideal physical condition for the rooti
to grow In, besides keeping the weed*
In check. Cultivate early and persist
ently and keep ahead of the wood*
Locks in Ancient Pay®-
The Greeks used un l>'on luteh t(>
fasten their doors. Thb? latch was
fastened by a key which wn&^nslly ap-
plied from within, but, to reach't_|r°m
without, a large hole was madt'ln tu&
doer allowing the hand to enier nnd
react! the lock with the key. The
Lacedaemonian lock, which H'US n la-
ter Invention, did not requlr^jt hole to
be made In the door, but consisted of
a bolt placed on that side of the en-
trance door which opened. \\ hen u
person outside wished to euter he In-
serted a key in a little hole and raised
the bolt. In time this kind «f fasten-
ing was Improved by the Insertion of
the bolt In un Iron frame or rim per-
manently uttuched to the door by a
chain.
Heavy and intricate Iron lopks dis-
covered at Pompeii give evidence of
the progress ninde In the art by tho
Romans. These locks were ranch mora
efficient than any known to the Greeks,
but inferior in principle to tho older
wooden Egyptian locks.
Pursued a Policeman.
"They tell me you have been arrest-
ed for speeding."
"Yes," replied Mr. Chuggins. "And
It was due to my kindness of lwnrt. I
tried to overtake a man on rrao~*""
cycle to wurn him that he wt vloltfr
ing the law."
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Peters, Kay. Garber Sentinel. (Garber, Okla.), Vol. 18, No. 50, Ed. 1 Thursday, September 6, 1917, newspaper, September 6, 1917; (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc144983/m1/2/: accessed April 23, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.