dairy
milk from the family cow
Animal Should Re Housed In Clean,
Well-Lighted Shed and Provided
With Yard for Exercise.
T lie family cow should be 11 con-
Stunt souive of cheap, pure and de-
balanced ration for milk ,"s mllk- 8ays
  ('oll,'Ke of South Carolina. Such
Cow Must Be Given Combination Nec- . lf " teyi Precautions
essary to Maintain Her Functions ' °n' " ls fr('1uently observed,
and Produce Milk. ""ever, that under the conditions sur-
  j rounding the family cow only dirty,
diseased milk can be produced.
A cow nifiy bo suffering from tu-
berculosis, the worst disease to which
balanced ration for cows
■ r'\ a
r i ! "
ww^r
urn
. the]
For th  most profitable milk pro-
ductlon, the cow must be fed a bal-
anced ration at the cheapest price such  
ration can be provided. By balanced is snl|!''l't' '""I still show no signs
ration is meant the combination of °f " 10 owner. For the
sake of die children who drink this
such a proportion of nutrients and In
such quantifies as the cow requires to
maintain her bodily functions and as
she can utilize in the production of
milk. These nutrients are classified
as protein, carbohydrates, and fats,
l'roteln is one of the principal con-
stituents of milk; fats and carbohy-
drates perform much the same func-
tions. that ls, produce ei^rgy and
heat, and in the balancing of a ration
are usually classed together. If the
cow is given a ration containing an
excess of either element, the excess
Is liable to be wasted; hence the eco-
nomical importance of a balanced ra-
tiou.
 •> •I*"'
Fine Type ef Jersey,
production of bloody milk
More Objectionable as Matter of Ap-
pearance Than as Menace to
Health—Various Causes.
use shorthorns for dairy
American Association Representing
This Class Fixes Basis at 6C
Per Cent lor Milk.
The question Is often asked, in judg-
ing dairy, or dual-purpose Shorthorn
cattle, how much Is allowed for beef
and how much for milk. The Ameri-
can association representing this class
of cattle fixed the basis at 00 per cent
for dairy qualities and 40 per cent
for beef. This is a very good basis to
work from. More should be given for
Bloody milk Is more objectionable
perhaps us a matter of appearance
Ulan as a menace to health. Hemor-
rhages may occur within the udder us
a direct result of a bruise caused by
rapid motion, by n bad position while
the cow Is lying down, by the trend of
a cow In an adjoining stall, or because
of the breaking of a tiny blood vessel
or the escape of red corpuscles through
thin vessel walls. Heavy feeding may
also produce bloody milk.
The remedy Is careful milking and
light feeding with laxative foods and
repeated small doses of mild physic.
When the trouble occurs with cows
giving a heavy flow of milk and under
heavy feed, improvement follows a
marked reduction of the ration. A
change of stall may give good results.
If it allows a cow to obtain a better
, position and avoid uneven pressure on
" ""a 11 fl.Ml, yet,• n";!rInn shnufd the udder while lying down. Cows with
long, heavy udders should be driven
be called upon to Inspect and test each
cow every year.
\\ itli the assurance of a healthy cow, j
she should be housed iu a clean, well- \
lighted shed and provided with a clean j
yard in which to exercise. The milk I
should be drawn into a clean, small- I
topped milk pail and kept cocl until j
consumed.
Milk sours and spoils because of, the !
bacteria which enter it with dirt from j
tlie cow and from palls not thoroughly j
washed. Keeping these bacteria out
of tlie milk and preventing their j
growth by keeping the milk t >ol, are
easy and ellicient meuns of procuring j
the best of milk from the family cow, I
provided she is free from disease.
slowly and should not be driven over
high sills.
important for dairy calf
Modern Experiments Show That Good
Flesh Is Desirable Feature—Mix-
ture for Grain Feed.
The Importance of feeding and car-
ing for dairy calves Is emphasized by
.1. I!. Fitch, associate professor of
dairy husbandry In the Kansas State
Agricultural college.
"Calves should be fed whole milk
j until they are one month old, when
to skim milk,"
j they should be changed
First Prize Shorthorn Heifer.
dairy, for this is most likely to be
deficient, and a larger rating will have
a tendency to stimulate the dairy de- traced In purt to the difference in cows.
cows for machine milking
Farmers Should Study Herd From
Standpoint of Fitness—Avoid
Defective Udders.
(By PROF. C. LARS EN, South Dakota
State College.)
Dairy farmers who wish to use milk-
ng machines should study their herd
from the standpoint of fitness for a
milking machine. The reason why
some men are successful with milking
machines and others are not can be
said Professor Fitch. "They should
: be fed skim milk until they are six
! months old. While they are 011 milk
; they should be given grain and alfalfa
! hay.
"A good mixture for grain feed Is
four parts of corn or corn chop, one
part of oil meal, and two parts of
i wheat bran. After taking the calf off
the mllk increase the grain gradually
to two pounds a day In addition to
silage and alfalfa hay.
"It used to be considered that good
flesh was undesirable In dairy calves,
but experiments show that this ls not
Feeding Should Be Governed by Anl-
mal's Capacity to Produce Milk—
Good Rules for Winter.
The feeding of the dairy cow should
be governed by the cow's capacity to
produce milk. By keeping a dally
record of each cow's production, the
skillful feeder soon finds that some
cows In the herd respond £0 an In-
creased allowance of feed and return
a good profit It, while others are
limited in milk capacity and overfeed-
ing them Is unprofitable. Profitable
feeding requires a thorough knowl-
edge of the indlvlduKi cows as well ns
of the values of feeds.
The following general rules will be
found invaluable as a guide for win-
to obtain healthful milk
Mature Ayrshire Cow With Record of
11,708 Pounds of Milk and 536
Pounds of Butter.
ter feeding by the Inexperienced
feeder:
1. Under most circumstances the
cow should be fed all the roughage
that she will eat up clean, adjusting
the grain ration to the mllk produc-
tion. Only when the cow tends to be-
come overfat should the quantity of
roughage be restricted.
2. A grain mixture should be fed
In the proportion of 1 pound to each |
3 pints or pounds of mllk pro-
duced by the cow, except In the
case of the cow produclug a flow of
40 pounds or more, when the ration
can be 1 pound *o each 3%
or 4 pounds of mllk. An even
better rule is 1 pound of grain each
day for every pound of butterfat pro-
duced by the cow during the week.
3. Feed all the cow will respond to
In milk production. When she begins
to put 011 tlesh, cut down tlie grain.
Cows, Barns and Yards Must Be Kept
Clean—Small Top Pail* Kur
Out Foreign Matter.
(Hy V. R. JONBS. Dairy Husbandry De-
partment. South Dakula Stale College.)
Cows must be heulthy and kept
clean.
Barns should be kept clean, well
lighted and ventilated.
The barnyard should be kept clenn
and properly drnlned.
Utensils should be thoroughly
washed and scalded or steamed und
kept In a clean room.
Cows should b fed good wholesome
food and pure water.
Milkers and attendants who come
In contact with the mllk should be
heulthy und clean.
Cows should not be fed at milking
time or immediately before. Dust from
feed fulls Into the mllk und contum-
Inates It with germs.
Wipe fite udder and side of cow
with a damp cloth and milk with
cleun, dry hand.
Use small-topped milking pall. This
helps to keep foreign matter from the
mllk.
Uemove the mllk immedlutely nfter
milking to a separate room from the
barn to be strained and cooled. Cool
milk to as low a temperature as pos-
sible without freezing. Forty or fifty
degrees F. retards growth of most
germs, and particularly those that
cause mllk to sour quickly.
give herd bull attention
From Birth He Should Be Given Best
of Care and Feed to Make Maxi-
mum Development.
(By W. W. 8WETT, Missouri Agricultural
College.)
It Is a well known and very true
saying that "the sire ls half the herd,"
.vet this important "half" seldom re-
ceives the attention he deserves.
From hlrth, the bull should be given
the best of care and feed In order that
he may make the maximum growth
and development He should receive
plenty of skim mllk and grain and bn
treated as well if not even better than
the heifer calves.
At the age of five to six months he
must be separated from the other
calves. Front tills time on he must re-
/
treat calves twice yearly
velopment. Some stock shows and
fairs fix the ratio at 50 per cent for
each; but the rating given above seems
better. More emphasis Is being placed
on the development of the dairy quali-
ties of tills breed, bringing it back to
Its original standing among tlie breeds
of the world—one of the best for
duiry purposes. •
silage in producing milk
Increase of 17 Per Cent Is Seen in Test
Conducted by Ohio Experi-
ment Station.
Cows fed 11 ration composed largely
of silage produced 17 per cent more
When the milking machine is in-
stalled the owner will have better suc-
cess If he will cull out the cows that
io not readily and completely give
lown their milk, cows with uneven uil-
ler and placement of teats and cows
with very fleshy teats. Some herds
may not contain any defective cows,
some may contain one or two aud some
:ierds may contain several.
Cows with such defective udders and
teats should never be used us founda-
tion cows. The heifer culves from the
:-ows that milk euslly by machine
should be selected, it is especially im-
portant to select a herd bull that comes
from ancestors that have well-formed
mammary organs, and better still to
milk and 28 per cent more butterfat select a proved herd bull that is known
than those given a ration consisting to produce daughters of arge, symmet-
nmlnly of grain in ti feeding test eon- rlcal and well-placed teats ot good
ducted for 121 days at the Ohio ex- jualltj.
pertinent station. The silage ration
was also cheaper for milk production. suitable place for cows
Stalls Should Be Provided for Each
Animal—Plenty of Ventilation
Is Recommended.
To give best results milch cows
should be provided with suitable quar-
ters for feeding and milking. Stalls
should be provided for each cow und
feed boxes and manger racks should
Wet, and do his part ^to _save ^ s0 arraIlKed that they will be of
?nsy access for cleaning at least once
prevent large dairy loss
Contagious Abortion Costs Farmer and
Stcckman $20,000,000 Yearly in
Dead Calves.
Every farmer und stockmun should
fight contugious abortion In his ills-
Guernsey Is Desirable Type.
the case and that quite the con-
trary is the cuse, especially before
calving.
"The heifer should be bred so ns to
calve when from twenty-four to thirty
j months of age, depending upon the
breed and growth of tlie animal. Tire
Guernsey and the Jersey should be
bred so as to calve when from twenty-
four to twenty-six months old, while
the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds
should be bred so as to calve when
thirty months of age. If bred so as
to calve earlier than this, their growth
is apt to be injured."
 
Don't Wait Until Animals Commence
to Die of Blackleg Before Ad-
ministering Treatment.
(Isy G. H. QX.OVKR, Colorado Agricul-
tural College, Port Collins.)
Calves should be vncclnated for
blackleg twice a year, making It a
regular chore, and do not wait until
they begin to die before getting ready.
The period of ordinary susceptibility
ranges from three months to two and
one-half years. Most of the vaccine
on the market ls reliable and the un-
satisfactory resets are usually due
. to curelessne.ss on the part of the
; farmer in not following directions in
| using It.
The agricultural college distributes
the government blackleg vaccine free
to farmers of Colorado. Orders for
vaccine will not be tilled promptly,
however, unless the applicant states
that he has a vaccinating outfit, which
s very necessary to administer vac-
cine in this form. A pellet injector
will not do, neither will a hypodermic
syringe, without the remainder of the
I outfit, for placing the vaccine In solu-
I tlou.
scrub cows and daughters
Iowa College Makes Interesting and
Instructive Comparison—Record
of Holstein Grade.
A very interesting und Instructive
comparison ls made between the rec-
ords of individual scrub cows and
their own grade daughters as shown
by experiments at the Iowa college.
The best monthly record of one Hol-
stein grade shows an Increase of 07 per
cent In amount of milk and 33 per cent
in the amount of butterfat as com-
pared with the best monthly record of
her dam, this being the best monthly
record for these two cows during three
lactation periods for each one. The
average for the three lactation pe-
Holstein Dairy Cow.
higher quality of butter
000 loss in deud calves and sterile
cows. The disease is preventable and
controllable. Isolate affected animals,
treat aborting cows, disinfect the bulls
und clean up the premises. This is
good business for cuttle owners.
•very day. Twenty-five dollars, plus
the labor, should fit any ordinary barn
with stalls for five cows and the neces-
sary feed boxes, mangers, and gutters.
Plenty of ventilation Is necessary, be-
    :ause the cow ls somewhat like the
common cause of trouble bl>in8' she thrives best where
vummun Vrtuoc^ur inuuu there Is plenty ot fresh air available.
. _ ... - ... ,= Th,t of Provision should be made to take cure
Next to Overfeeding C.I I. That of f ^ ^ ^ ^ „y
Feeding Mdk Too Co d_Feed pn)vl|llng pU>nty of bellulng ln box
at Blood Hea . stalls, or, If stanchions are used, by
T1 „ . . )h„ laving water-tight gutters about 14
Possibly next to overfeeding the ^ ^ ^ ,0 ,ncheg deep run.
calf on milk, the commonest cause of . r| of the stable
trouble Is thut of feeding milk too  ">« *ul> length of the stable.
Feed mllk at ns nearly blood beat relieve scours ll\l calves
(98 degrees F.) as possible aud re-  
member that 20 degrees below blood pjrst Thing Is to Remove Cause, Then
heut may result in a case of scours ^ Give Limewater, Says Expert
with very young calves. j of North Dakota.
best place for milk room
Should Be in Some Building Other
Than Barn—Northeastern Expos-
ure Is Favored.
The mllk room sJiould bo ln a build-
ing other than the barn. It shouhl be
located lf possible with a northeastern
exposure. Immediately after being
drawn the milk should be strained and
put In shallow pans to cool quickly.
This applies to conditions where a
mllk cooler cannot be used.
Where no separator is available it is
necessary to cool the milk as soon as
possible to enable the cream to rise.
Where five or more cows are milked
It Is advisable to Invest in a cream
separator, because running the milk
through a separator Immediately nf-
ter milking is the best way known for
getting absolutely clenn mllk, even lf
the whole mllk Is to bo used.
Article Made by Farmer Should Top
the Market—Creamery Has Lit-
tle Control of Cream.
There is no reason In the world why
; the farmer cannot ninke butter of high-
! er quality than that made at tlie
| creamery, according to N. E. Olson, in-
structor in dairy husbandry in the
Kunsus sate agricultura. college.
"The farmer can keep his cream In
excellent condition," suys Mr. Olson,
"while the creamery man has little
control over the cream he buys—hence
the farmers' butter should top the
market.
"The first step In the making of good
butter is the production of clean milk.
If milk contains no putrefactive and
gns-formiug bacteria, butter can be
produced which will be free from odors
und which will not putrefy, If proper
precautions are taken with the cream
and with the butter ufter it is churned
and packed."
rlods shows that the Holstein cross
had an increased production of 101
per cent in milk und 53% per cent in
fat us compared with her mother,
which wus one of the origiuul scrubs.
One., Guernsey cross showed an In-
crease of 110 per cent in milk und 107
per cent iu quantity of butterfat as
compared to the corresponding best
month of her mother; whereas her uv-
eruge iucreuse, that is, her increuse iu
total amount of milk uud butter for ,
the entire period of lactation, showed !
an Increase of 131 per cent I11 mllk
and 130 per cent of butterfat as com- j
pured with her mother.
First Futurity Shorthorn.
eeive regular exercise and must be
gently handled. When he Is ten to
twelve months of age he may be given
light service—possibly one cow every
three or four weeks. From t^e nge of
twelve to sixteen months ..!<• r,lce
may be increased to one row per
week.
A satisfactory feed for a mnftire bull
is alfalfa or clover hay und a grain
mixture of corn, with oats or bran. A
'mil must have plenty of exercise. He
loes not need to be housed In a warm
bnrn but Is kept in the best condition
when given 11 dry but open shed with
:i paddock attached so that he can go
iu or out nt will.
Every mature bull should have a ring
In bis nose. There Is some difference
In opinion In regard to dehorning but
It Is always safer to handle a bul.
without horns.
dairy cows relish silage
In Feeding Test 17 Per Cent More
Milk and 28 Per Cent More
Butterfat Obtained.
Cows fed a ration composed lnrgely
of si Inge produced 17 per cent more
mllk Mid LN (>er cent more butterfat
than those given a ration consisting
mainly of grain In a feeding test con-
ducted for 121 days at the Ohio ex-
periment station. The silage ration
wus uIko cheaper for mllk production.
The cows gained nenrly 8 per cent
In mllk yield when put on the silage
ration. They pr.-dnced butterfat at a
eost of 13 cents a pound, while the
eosf of 11 pound from the cows fed
mainly grain was 22 cents. There was
little difference in the gains in live
weight between the two lots.
I11 addition to 58 pounds of silage
and 0.8 pounds of hay. the one lot re-
ceived only four pounds of grain con-
sisting of oilmenl and bran. The
gruin-fed lot received only 12 pounds
of corn stover nnd hay but 13.5 pounds
of a grain mixture of oilmenl, corn-
meMl nnd bran.
estimated value of cows
early and gentle training
Task of Halter-Breaking Heifer Calves
Cannot Be Begun Too Early—
Handle Them Daily.
Halter-break all the heifer calves
before they get very large. Can't do
it too soon. No matter whether you
ever leud your cows or not you want
them broke to lend. Handle the culves
dally ns they grow, llub them, fool
urouud their hind quurters so that
tliey will not be scared or ticklish the
first time they are milked.
Total Yearly Product of $66.09 Given
by New York College of Agricul-
ture—Cost of Keep.
Estimates on the value of the aver-
age dairy cow's product In New York
state, made by the college of agricul-
ture, give a yearly total of $00.09.
Costs of maintaining her are estimated
nt $151.85, not including the cost of lu-
bor. The difference, amounting to
only .$-1.25 per cow, would give to the
mnn who cured for 20 cows a yearly
wage of $85, which is less than the
lowest wage paid to ordinary furm
labor.
for pure dairy products
purebred bull is favored
chief factor in creamery
To relieve scours in calves, W. H.
Peters of the North Dakota station
„ ._ rives the following remedy:
Much of Success or Failure Depends ^ firs( ,g t<j rpnjove
Upon Density of Cream—Thin
Cause of Big Loss.
the
Muse and then give them limewater
n the milk. Two tublespoonfuls twice
_ , , dav for a calf two months old und
The density of the cream Isone of ^ calvi,s ,m,f u cupfull
the most Important fuctors In the sue- ,imewafer by putting a
cess or failure of a creamery. 1 ""j"; 1 .. . f
T,„„ ,=.b..  —M :s'L«L
L-,-" '<"•" * 
Price paid the putrous for butlerfuL I uture U8e-
be succescful with cows
Plenty of Feed and Balanced Ration
Essential—Grain Should Be Sup-
plied in Winter.
To be successful with cows one must
be a good feeder. This takes pleuty
of feed and a balanced ration. To get
milk In winter, grain should be fed.
With butterfat at 35 cents It can be
fed with profit. If slluge with fair
copn in It Is fed use enough bran und
cottonseed menl or oilmenl to balance
the ration. Where alfalfa Is fed the
brand ration may be largely reduced.
Keystone of Herd Improvement Is In
Swatting Scrub Sires—Speciali-
zation Is Basis.
The keystone of herd improvement
ls in swatting the scrub and using a
purebred sire. TI*? hull Is more than
half the herd, for with good judgment
in mating und culling, all Ills progeny
j will "take after father" ln a few gen-
erations.
The purebred makes better gains for
the amount 01 feed consumed because
it has been developed along lines of
specialization. Specialization is the
basis of profit ln every industry. The
more highly specialized a machine or
an animal, the more ellicient It is and
the easier It meets competition—und
nccess rests upon the ubillty to com-
pete.
Clean Milk, Quick Cooling and Prompt
Delivery Are Factors of Much
Importance.
The number of bacteria in mllk de-
pends largely upon cleanliness of milk-
ing und handling, temperature at
which milk Is kept aud age of mllk.
Therefore, clean mllk, quick cooling,
and prompt delivery are very impor-
tant factors in producing pure duiry
products.
product of improved cow
secure best cow possible
If One Cannot Get Good Animal, Then
Take an Ordinary One—Get a
Start Somehow.
Get a good duiry cow if possible.
If one cannot get a good cow, then
get an ordinary cow, one that is
healthy, one that will breed, and then
try to get her muted to a good bull.
If one cannot buy n cow giving mllk.
then buy a heifer. If a heifer cannot
be purchased, then buy a heifer calf.
Get a start somehow.
disease of little calves
Wild Animal Gave Only Enough Milk
to Nourish Its Young—30,000
Pounds Yearly Now.
The wild cow gave only enough
mllk to support Its young. Proof of
whut man has been uble to do In Im-
proving dnlry cattle ls found ln the
fact thnt production is more than 30,-
000 pounds, the present world's record
for mllk per year.
Keep Youngsters Away From Cold
Drafts and Protect Them in Dry,
Well-Bedded Place.
Pneumonia Is 11 common disease of
little calves. The cold nights that
come on suddenly nnd unexpectedly
are the chief causes.
Keep the little calves away from
ti.ose cold drafts and protect them ln
1 dry. well-bedded place during the
•<i|.| wet nights. Prevention Is better
ibdi: cure. Only u few recover.