The Democrat-Topic. (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 9, No. 15, Ed. 1 Friday, November 12, 1897 Page: 1 of 4
This newspaper is part of the collection entitled: Oklahoma Digital Newspaper Program and was provided to The Gateway to Oklahoma History by the Oklahoma Historical Society.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
> : /-
< 0-TC t' 4 ^
t
VOL. !>
NORMAN, CLEVELAND COUNTY, OKLAHOMA. FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1 )7.
NO. 15.
This Paper Furnishes You All The County News Each Week.
of age. The evidence will show; marriage Mr. Shadrick's family
futlier that Nellie Shadrick made passed my hoy—. They stopped
oath before Squire Studliolm that \ at my well to gt>. water. Mr. Sliad-
I lis Wife Left Him the Day Fallowing Their Marriage and
J ler Father Had Him Arrested for Abduction, Claim-
ing She was not Fifteen Years of Atre
Nellie Shadrick Says Robert Wynn Gave 1 ler Intoxicants, and
while She Was Intoxicated, He Induced Her to
Marry Him, Much Against Her Wishes.
The Jury Keturned a Verdict Early \Ve<liies<la> Mornim:
ting (he Defendant, Hubert Wynn.
Aequit-
The case of the Territory of Okla-
homa vs. Kobert wynn was called
in Judye Kenton's court last Mon-
day.
Tbia case was an unusual one
and has attracted considerable at-
tention throughout the county.
On account of the great amount
of interest taken in the case the
DEMOCRAT-TOPIC publishes the evi-
dence in the case except that of A
w. Shadrick and Judge Studliolm,
as the write: was not at the court
house while they were on the stand.
On July 1 1896 Robert wynn and
Nellie Shadrick also Cecil Switaer
and May wynn were married by
Squire John Studliolm at the latters
house near Denver, this county.
The day following the marriage | this time, I was horn M
Kobert wynn's wife left him and I remember going home
Wynn told me to say I was fifteen
years old. I told Mr. Studliolm
I was fifteen. Bob Wynn and I had
been engaged to marry for about
two months, but I had broken the
engagement and told him I would
not have him. He had never asked
the consent of my parents. I was
drunk at the time 1 was married
and remained that way nearly all
night. When I became sober I
went home. It was early next
morning when I went home
Wynn offered me more drugs next
morning but I refused them. 1 told
him I was going home. Cecil
Switzer tried to get me drunk, the
morning following our marriage.
1 was only fourteen years old at
10 1882.
a short
has since lefused to live with him. j time the night we were married."
A. w. Shadri« k. the girl's father! J. H. Chandler I am fifty eight
claimed she was under fifteen J \ ears old. Reside in I'ottowritomie
years of age and charged Robert j county. I resided in the ( hicka
wynn with enticing her from j my father. Iain acquainted with
Kobert Wynn, have known him
two years, saw him July I, 1WM . It
was about four o'clock in tlie utter-
noon, when he came to our house.
He stayed an hour. 11 told me he
wanted me to go with him and see
his sister married that night. 1
wa* acquainted with his sister.
He aaid for me to tell my brothers
11 was going to a play party. I told
jhim 1 would go with him to the
, ( wedding. Hecame after me about
the case was again called for trial " sundown. It w as after sundown
Prosecuting Attorney Xicodetnus j when we left for the wed lint lie
home u iving her drugs and while
she was in an intoxicated or un-
conscious sta1<\ induced her to
marry him.
Prosecuting Attorney Xicode-
mus secured an indictment against
wynn and also convicted him at
the spring term of the District
Court, held in this county, wynn's
attorneys filed a motion for a new
trial, which was granted by Judge
Keaton and last Monday, as stated
and w. J. Jackson conducted
the prosecution while B.
F. williams and will.ams &
Newell represented the defendant.
The following constituted the
jury.
N. li. Baine,
R. H. Jennings.
B. M. Robertson,
Milton Odell,
D. L. Powell,
A, H. Coleman.
J. 11. Morris,
J. K.'Daineron,
C. P. Klinglesmith,
Jamas Burk.
The evidence was as follows:
Mrs. A .W- Shadrick: I am the
mother of Nellie Shadrick. 1 live
eight miles east of Norman, am
acquainted with Robert Wynn.
Have known him two years, I saw
him July 1, 1806. It was about 3
o'clock in the afternoon. He cam?
to ask my daughter to ride with
him to see his sister married. He
she was fifteen years of age, that
that after she was married she went
with her husband to Mr. Shadrick's
house and Mr. Shadrick congratu-
I ited them and told Robert Wynn
that he (Wynn) was his (Shadrick's)
choice. Next day Shadrick took
Wynn to one side and told him
that Nellie was dissatisfied with
the marriage and that they had
better seperate.
We will also prove that Mrs.
Shadrick has stated several times
that she had no f mily record and
she did not know the ages of her
children."
file first witness called on behalf
of the defense was ). D. Nix: "1 am
a blacksmith and live at Denver
I am acquainted with A. W. Shad-
rick. 1 had a conservation with
him on or about July 1, 1890. He
said he had been to Norman to see
about prosecuting Robert Wynn
for marrying his daughter and
that he guessed he could not do
anything as she was fifteen years
of age."
Geo. Gibbs Jr: "I live thirty
miles east of here lam a farmer
I guess, I am acquainted with
Robert Wynu and the Shadrick
family. I remember the date of the
marriage of Robert Wynn and
Nellie Shadrick. I had a conversa-
tion with A. W. Shadrick concern
ing the marriage. I was talking to
him about seine business and as I
started to ride off, he stopped me
and asked me if 1 had heard about
the marriage. I told him 1 had.
He asked me if I knew how wynn
had treated him. He asked me what
he ought to do with Wynn. I asked
him what he could do and he said
he guessed he could not do any-
thing as Nellie was fifteen years
old and under the laws of the terri-
tory a girl could marry at that age
without her parents consent."
(i W Gibbs Sr: "I reside in Cleve-
land county. 1 am a farmer and
know defendant. I don't remember
the date Robert Wynn and Nellie
Shadrick were married. It was, I
think, about July 1, 1890 I remem-
ber having a conversation with A.
W. Shadrick. To the best of my
recollection, a few days after the
told me after we started that we
would go to his house first and we
started that way. We were hoi"*
back, each riding separate hort-i
We had not gone far before we met
Cecil Swetzil and May Wynn. Tliev
were the parties to be married that
night. Before this Wynn had giv-
en me something to drink. We had
gone but a short distance from the
house before he offered me the
drugs. When we met Cecil and
May we went with them to Mr.
Studholmes, the justice of the
peace. Going over there Pol) want,
ed me to marry him. 1 was drunk
and did not know what 1 was doing,
saw nation before moving to Pot-
tawatomie count} . 1 am a farmer
1 am acquainted w ith A. W Shard-
rick and family I knew them in the
Chickasaw nation, (Mirth record
of Shadrick's children given to w it-
ness). I have seen that paper be-
fore, I saw it at the spring term of
this court. I also saw that paper
stayed perhaps an hour. He re- ut Mr. Shadrick's house during the
turned that evening about sun- summer of 1891. t am positive this
down and stayed about thirty min-
utes. He left after sundown and
Nellie went with him. He never
told me where they were going-
They went west. No one went with
them. They were on horse back.
Each had horses. I know where
Mr. Wynn's father lives. It is three
or four miles from yur house. I
could not see them when they
passed our house an hour later.
They were making considerable
jnoise. I recognized Nellie's voice.
jl saw Nellie two or three hours
later, or about ten or eleven o'clock,
Robert Wynne, Nellie Shadrick,
Cicil Swetzel and May Wynu came
to our house. Nellie was not ra-
tional. She stayed a half an hour
or perhaps longer. Mr. Shadrick
was at home. There were two Mor-
mon Klders there also. The Kid era
asked my husband not to use any
violence, to let the law take
its course. Nellie was fourteen
years old the 10th. day of May
J8W0. She was born May 10
1882." (Here a paper was handed
the witness for her examinations.
It was a birth record of her family, j Miss Wynn t
She identified it as such. This rec-
ord showed that Nellie was born
May, 10, 188'J ) She said it w is the
only record she had of her chil-
dren's birth, tDuring the cross ex-
aminations Mrs. Shadrick broke
pown and cried piteously.)
Nallie K. Shadrick- "My name is
Nellie Sha<Jrick, A. W. Shadrick is
is the sane paper, i l he paper
showed that Nellie Shadrick was
born May 10,1882.)
Charley Hume, a mere boy was
the next witness. "I live five miles
east of Norman. Have lived there
two years. I know Robert Wynn j
and Nellie Shadfick. I saw them at j
Squire Studholm's the night they
were married. Me and Jim Bryan
were there. Nellie Shadrick acted
like she was drunk, 1 have se'n a
good many people drunk "
At this point the Territory con-
cluded its evidence. B. I\ Williams
Jr. made a statement of the case on
behalf of the defendant. He said
the defense would prove that on
the night of July 1,1880, The de-
fendant Robert Wynne went, to Mr.
Shadrick's house to take Miss
Nellie to Squire Studholm's to w it-
ness the marriage of his (Wynn's)
sister. The evidence will show
that she accompanies 1 him to Squire
Studholm's, that after the) started
they met Cecil Swit/.<-r and May
Wynn, the part to be married,
and they went with Swit, < r and
juire Studholm's.
The evidence will also slmw that
they drank some De Witt's bitters
and while on the way- one of the
parties sugge> ted that Robt Wynn
and Nellie Shadrick get married
too that night as tin y were then
engaged. Robert aske i Nellie
about it and she said she was will-
ing and that she was fifteen years E. M. Maphis, Mgr.
So is the season for Fall or Winter
clothes. We have them Our trade
doubled last week and we are ready
to affirm that the reason all lays in
the two little words
Underbuy
Undersell
which we practice.
Why won't our trade increase?
There isn't a school boy that cannot
distinguish between 23 and 30 per
cent. When we offer you 10 slate
pencils for 1 cent, you know you
can't beat it, or our 5 cent box of
shoe tacks which cost 10 cents else
where. Our thread 3 cts worth a
cents elsewhere. 2 dox hooks and
e\ -s, ;i cts worth 10 cez ts elsewhere
Our steel hammers, Hoc, worth 00cts.
Tacks 1 to 2 cents a box, worth 1
cents. Hats $1.10 can't be matched
j lor $1.50. Our 5c calico is as good
as tie elsewhere. Our Ladies Shoes
| as well as metis and childrens are
low in price and high in value.
! We have just received a large
shipment of new goods; call and see
them.
tick told me about the marriage.
He seemed greatly hurt about it
and asked me what was the lawful
age and 1 told him 1 thought it
was sixteen. He said if that was
true he was allright but he had
been told it was fifteen and if that
was true he was out."
J. N. Bowen: "1 live eight miles
east of Norman. 1 am acquainted
with defendant and prosecuting
witness. I have known Mr. Shad-
rick two years. T live l1^ miles
west of him. I do not know the
uate of the marriige of Robert
Wynn and Nellie Shadrick. It was
about July 1, 1890. Iliad a conver-
sation with Mr. Shadrick about the
marriage. I met him in the road
near my house. He was going
east. We stopped'and talked and
in the conversation he said he
guesed he could not do anything
with Wynn as the girl was past
fifteen."
Freeman Fletcher- "1 reside
thirty miles from Norman. Am a
farmer. Am acquainted with Rob-
ert Wynn and Nellie Shadrick. I
had a conversation with Shadrick
in front of his house. I was 011 my
way to town and as I was passing
his house he called to me to stop.
He said he had the worst trouble
that had ever been in the settlement
and I asked him what in the world
was the matter. He said his daugh-
ter had married Robert Wynn and
now would not live with him. He
said Robert was his choice. He
also said he could make Robert and
Squire Studliolm lots of trouble as
Nellie was only 15 years old."
J. D. Capshaw: "I reside011 Little
River. Am a farmer. 1 am acquaint-
ed with Robert Wynn. Have known
him every since he has been in the
country. I have known Mr. Shad-
rick five or six years. I remember
about the time Robert Wynn and
Nellie Shadrick were married It
was on or about July 1, 1896. I had
a conversation with A. YV. Shadrick
after the marriage. I have had
several conversations with him. I
could not pretend to make a state-
ment of all the conversation I've
had with him foi' we have had
several as we are good friends. He
told me that the way he remem-
bered Nellie's age, was she was
born the day President Garfield
was assassinated.
Maggie Bush: "I live at
Shawnee. I have lived there two
weeks. I am acquainted with Rob-
ert wynn and Nellie Shadrick. I
saw Nellie July 4,1890. Had a con-
versatioft'witli her at a picnic that
do)\ She asked me if 1 had heard
the news. She said she was mar-
ried and had left her husband.
She said she and Wynn had attend-
ed the marriage of his (Wynn's)
sister and while going to the wed-
ding Wynn asked her why should
not they just as well get married
too and not wait until Christmas as
they intended to do. She sa d she
consented and they were married.
I asked her if she did not know
better and she said she did know
better but she hardly knew what
she was about. She said she was
fifteen years old. She spoke of
them drinking that night. She
said they had whiskey with thein.
She said she was tight but she was
not as drunk as May Wynn, as May
could not stay on her horse while
she (Nellie) could.
Yirdie Boyd: "My name is
Yirdie Boyd. 1 am sixteen years old
today. I live ll'o miles east of here
Am acquainted with Nellie Shad
rick and Bob Wynn. On or about
July 1, 1890 Nellie and Bob were
married. I had a conversation
with Nellie Shadrick at Uncle Jim
Capshaw's before the marriage.
It was sometime in March. We
were talking about our age. She
said she was older than me but I
was the biggest." (This evidence
was excluded.)
Lawson Dyer: "I live ten miles
east of Norman. 1 am a farmer. Am
i acquainted with Robert Wynn and
Nellie Shadrick. As well as I re-
member they were married July 1,
1890. I had a conversation with
Nellie Shadrick. She and Miss
worthington were passing the road
near where I was working, I had
a talk with her. She said some-
thing about being intoxicated at
the time of her marriage. 1 asked
her what was the matter with the
people up there as I heard they
were all drunk when they were
married. She said it was not true.
Ollie Pledger: "I live thirteen
miles east of Norman. I am ac-
quainted with Robert Wynn and
the Shadrick family. I remember
when Robert Wynn and Nellie
Shadrick were married. I had a
conversation with Mrs. Shad-
rick just before the marriage at my
house. It was in June. The con-
versation was about the a«e of
Nellie Shadrick. I also had a con
versatiou with Mrs. Shadrick at a
picnic near Denver, July 4, 1890,
after the marriage in which she
said that Nellie was fifteen years of
age.
Mrs. Carman: "I live eight miles
ast of Norman. Am acquainted
with Kobert wynn and the Shad-
rick family. I have known the
Shadrick's five years. To the best
of my knowledge Robert wynn and
Nellie Shadrick were married J uly
2, 1890. I had a conversation with
Mrs. Shadrick at her home some-
time before the the marriage. She
said Nellie was fifteen years old. 1
don't remember the exact date of
the conversation. Mrs. Shadrick
and I used to visit each other but we
have not visited any since the first
trial.
D. P. Bryun: "I am a farmer.
Am acquainted with Robert wynn
and Nellie Shadrick. I am a neigh-
bor of Mr. Shadrick known him for
ten years. Knew him in Texas.
were neighbors there. I re-
member having a conversation
witli Mrs. Shadrick at my house on
or about March 12, 1X89 in which
she stated she had no record of the
birth of her children that it was de-
stroyed iu Georgia. She did not
know her childrens age and hardly
knew her own. She said she was
going to send and get a record.
J. S. Adair, D. F. Ottinger and w.
L. Miller we placed upon the stand
to prove that each of them, while
school clerks, had taken the school
census in which Nellie Shadrick's
age was given, showing she was
now past fifteen years.
A. R. Kwing and R. S. Ivwing
were placed upon the stand
to impeach J. H. ('handler's
evidence.
L. Perry: "I live eight miles east
of Norman. I am acquainted with
Nellie Shadrick and Kobert Wynn.
I think they were married, July 1,
1890. I saw them the night of the
marriage at Denver. Cecil Switzer
and his wife and Kobert Wynn and
Nellie Shadrick were over there to-
gether. I had quite a conversation
with them. Nellie was sober at
that time. I had known her two
years before her marriage. Had at-
tended dances with her."
(On cross examination lie stated
that he was employed by David
Hannah, of Denver and they kept
bitters for sale and that he sold
The
Boston
Store
Is in the ring with $25,000
worth of new Fall and Win-
ter goods; they are making
a stronger bid for your pat-
ronage than ever before; it
will pay you to look through
their immense stock of Dry
Goods, Notions, Clothing,
Boots, Shoes, I iats, Caps,
Gloves etc.
See our big line of Capes
and Jackets.
GIVEN AWAY
FREE
We will give away free 1
January 1st. 1897
One Silk Dress, or
One Fine Suit of Clothes.
Come in and ask about it; you
may be the lucky one.
Yours Truly,
The Boston Store
KENDALL BROS.,
Proprietors.
Robert wynn some of those bitters
the day of the marriage.)
The writer reached the court
house tco late Tuesday afternoon
to get the evidence of Mrs May
Switzer.
Cecil Switzer: "1 reside four
miles south of Shawnee am a broth-
er in-law of detendent. I formerly
lived in this county. Am acquaint-
ed with A. w. Shadrick. I lived
one-half mile from him when I
lived in this county. I used to
work for him. I remember the
night me and May wynn and Hob
wynnn and Nellie Shadrick were
married. It was July 1, 1896, My
wife and I. met wynn and Nellie
about half way between our house
and Shadrick's. we went to John
Studholm's. we rode along to-
gether. we were about two miles
from Studholni8. we rode by
Shadrick's house, after we had
passed their house, I turned iu my
saddle and asked Nellie and Bob
why didn't lie and Nellie get mar-
ried that night too, that they were
engaged and there was no use iu
thein waiting till Christmas. Bob
said it would not do and asked Nel-
lie what she thought about it. She
said it was all right with her. I
said that if that was the way they
were going to talk, I would ride
ahead and give them a chance to
talk the matter over. Nellie was
not intoxicated. Directly Nellieand
Bob caught up with us and Nellie
said that if any one was going to
be married tonight they (she and
Bob Wynn) would be married with
thein. we went to Judge Stud
holm's, Bob asked Studliolm to
read them the law relating to mar-
riages and he read it, saying that a
girl fifteen years of age, could
marry without her parents con
sent. Nellie made oath that she
was fifteen and May Wynn and my
self were married and then Bob
wynn and Nellie Shadrick.
then went to Denver, we drank
some bitters. It was a blood puri
lier. It was called Dewitt's Bitters.
Mr. Hannah and Bob treated
Denver, we remained at Denver
about thirty minutes and then went
to Shadrick's. It is one and a half
miles from Denver to Mr. Shadrick's
when we reached Shadrick's the
boys were out in front of the house.
Bob and his woman were ahead of
us. They were off of their horses
when we got to Shadricks. we all
went in the house together. I saw
Mr. Shadrick that night he was
standing at the foot of a bed when
I went in. when we started to leave
Mr. Shadrick told us all to come
back next day. He wanted us
stay all night. He told Bob that
he hated to give up his girl but he
could not keep her always. He
then turned to Nellie Kate and said
she had got his choice on Little
River, we then went to wynn's and
stayed all night. Next day we went
back to Shadrick's and stayed till
about three o'clock in the after
noon. That day Shadrick called
Bob out doors, they went out by the
corn crib and hatl a long talk,
I). II. Hannah: "I live at Denver
Okla. I am acquainted with Nellie
Shadrick and Robert wynn. I re
member the night they were mar
ried. They came to my store at
Denver between ten and twelve
o'clock. They remained at my
place a half an hour. Nellie was
.sober when they came there. They
got some bitters. They never
drank any whisky.
Kobert wynn's evidence was sub-
stantially the same as Cecil Swit-
zer. we will not publish his for
that reason.
Tuesday evening at six o'clock
the evidence was all in. Judge
Keaton held a night session at
which time the attorneys made
their arguments.
Karly Wednesday morning the
jury returned the following verdict:
Territory of Oklahoma
VS.
Kobert Wynn
We the jury enpaneled and
sworn in the above entitled case, do
upon our oath find the defendant
not guilty.
CITY COUNCIL
PROCEEDINGS.
THE COUNCIL MET IN REG-
ULAR SESSION LAST MON-
l)AY NIGHT.
The Mayor Authorized to Appoint
iv flue Inspector.
All members of the City Council
were present last Monday night
when Mayor Capshaw rapped for
order.
The following proceedings \ver<!
had:
Ordered that the city furnish
Dr. Threadgill water for cattle near
the pump house.
Councilman Wallace moved that
the Mayor aypoint an official Flue
Inspector. Motion carried.
The following accounts were al-
lowed.
S. M. Moore, Expense ?
A. Bible,
\V. \V. Wingate >,
S. M. Moore—work 011 pipe
Norman Lumber Co.
J. 15. Mitchell scavinger
Fire Department
C. H. Bessent
W. II. Hart
C. L. Myers
Henry Perry
0.90
0.90
0.90
9.50
50.92
13.00
17.00
2.HO
1.00
1.75
2.50
LOVER'S citraE.
< liarles Reinard Cuts His Cousin's
Throat and Then Cuts His Own.
Ardmore, 1. T., Nov. 8,—Sunday
night, five miles nortwest of this
place, Charles Reinard cut the
throat of his cousin, Mibs May
Reese, and then cut his own throat.
The young lady will recover, but
Reinard will die. Reinard lives at
Shawnee, O. T. He was in love
with Miss Reese and because of
her refusal to go to Oklahoma with
him, made the attempt on her life.
There was a strong sentiment in
favor of ending the career of Rien-
ard with a rope, but cooler counsel
prevailed. He is now in charge of
the officers. Miss Reese is a high-
ly respected young lady, sixteen
old.
Prof. Cralle took the Wednesday
afternoon train for Oklahoma City.
A CAREFUL ENGINEER
Carl Mae's Clear Head Prevented
a Hud Wreck.
Arkansas City Traveler: Engi-
neer Carl Mac is one of the best and
most careful ofengiueers 011 the
Santa Fe system. lie can be de-
pended upon in an emergency.
Carl pulls the passenger south
from here and when people ride be-
hind him they always feel perfect-
ly safe. Thursday night he had an
experience that shows that he is
not only a man to be trusted but
one with a clear head- South of
Orlando, O. T. there is a big curve
and then comes a big bridge 120
feet long and twenty-six feet from
the ground. He was taking liis
train along at its usual merry gait
when ahead of him he saw a tire.
Because of the curve he could not
tell where the fire was. It looked
like it was prarie fire at lirst Then
the thought struck him that per-
haps it was the bridge. He slowed
up and when be got within three
hundred feet of the bridge lie saw
that the structure was 011 fire at
the south end. He stopped his
train and the trainmen went for-
ward to investigate. They found
the bridge burning. The lire had
burned the structure away until it
was unsafe. It took four hours to
put the fire out and make the
bridge safe to cross. In order to
have the repairs made Conductor
A1 Glazier walked three miles to
the station and got the section men
on the scene. If the train had gone
on the bridge there would have
been a fearful wreck and if Carl
had not been on the alert and taken
the precaution, to ascertain about
the fire he would have pulled his
cargo of human beings to death.
Advertised Letters.
The following is a list of adver-
tised letters for the week ending
November, 11.
Allen Mary B.
Fair Roland,
Uibble Minnie,
Hall Carry,
Long Chas. A.,
Roblyes Joseph,
Rhodes Jennie,
Rodgers Maggie,
Sellers H.,
Steed Allen,
Taylor \V. S.,
Whitterson H.,
Whisenton j. W.,
Wood Day.
Persons calling for any of the
above letters please say advertised.
T. J. Johnson,P. M.
Sen lees.
Rev. F. Palmer, presiding elder,
will hold the first Quarterly Meet-
of the conference year on Saturday
and Sunday, November 13th and
14th, services as follows:
Quarterly Conference 011 Satur-
day evening at 3 o'clock p. in.
Preaching by the Elder 011 Sat-
urday night at 7 o'clock; and Sun-
day morning at 11:00.
Sacrament of the Lord's Supper
after Sunday morning sermon.
Pastor,
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
Jarboe, Tom & Alkire, George A. The Democrat-Topic. (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 9, No. 15, Ed. 1 Friday, November 12, 1897, newspaper, November 12, 1897; (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc116983/m1/1/?rotate=270: accessed April 24, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.