The Chandler News. (Chandler, Okla.), Vol. 3, No. 40, Ed. 1 Friday, September 7, 1894 Page: 3 of 8
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farm and garden.
matters of interest
AGRICULTURISTS
TO
thus attacked are *«ry likely to decay,
aa4 great lcwi occurs, not only before
they are dug but even after they are
stored in the cellar, if the conditions
there should be favorable. The
} threads of the fungus live over winter
| in the tubers, which, if used for seed,
Same Ci> to o to Hint* About t'ulttva- >erTe to start the disease again tise
tlon of the Soil ami Ileitis Thereof— following summer.
Hortlcul.ure Viticulture auil Florl- TREATMENT.
cult are. I jf jt can be avoided, potatoes which
are known to be diseased or which
Prevention of Potato llllght-
Bulletin 22 of the New Hampshire
fetation says: The potato crop is liable
to serious losses from two sources,
which losses are to a great extent pre-
ventable. These two sources of loss
are the Colorado beetle.or potato bug,
and the blight or rust. Every farmer
knows how to deal with the potato
bug. Paris green is the sovereign
remedy, but it is only within a com-
paratively few years that a successful
treatment has been found for the
blight. It seems now, however, that
an effective remedy has been found in
the Bordeaux mixture.
cause of bught.
The blight is caused by the growth
in the potato vines of minute parasitic
There are
have been grown in a field attacked*by
the blight should not be used for seed-
However, a remedy has been found
which, if used in season, seems
to be very efficient in check-
ing or preventing the dis-
ease. This remedy is the Bordeaux
mixture, which, when applied to the
vines, destroys the vitality of the
spores with which it comes in contact
and thus prevents the infection of
healthy plants. It should be applied,
if possible, before the disease makes
its appearance, at least by the last of
July, and the applications should be
repeated at intervals of ten to four-
teen days, and oftener if the mixture
is washed off by rains, until the tubers
have matured. I sualty three applica-
tions will be sufficient but a fourth
plants, known as fungi. ,
[wo distinct species of funrr which W sometimes be required,
produce the blight in potatoes—one,
:<nown botanically as Macrosporium
solani. causes what is now known as
the early blight, the other, Phytoph-
thora infestans, causes the late blight
which has been the most common and
i^tructive Blight, rust, and rot are
the various names by which it* has
examples.
In experiments made in the sum-
mer of 1892, the vines on the sprayed
plots remained green from one to four
weeks longer than those on, the un-
sprayed plots.
In one case the yield of merchanta-
ble potatoes from the sprayed plot
aoterku Tea.
Sonse fine specimens of Americas
tea nave been sent from Fayette, N
C., this season to northern markets,
and, according to the New \ork Even-
ing Post, the results of the sales seem
to indicate that the culture of this
crop in parts of the south may yet
lead to large fortunes. It is not gen-
erally known that attempts were
made to establish tea gardens here be
fore the war, and since the end of that
outbreak systematic efforts have been
made to revive the old gardens. Prof.
Massey of the State agricultural col-
lege has been instrumental in trying
to spread information among the farm-
ers concerning the culture of tea. and
a few have been induced to put out
gardens. The tea sent from the old
Smith farm this season brought SO
cents a pound, and some from the
Summerville gardens in South Caro-
lina brought as high as SI a pound.
Last summer the tea cut at Summer-
ville amounted to a dozen or two
pounds, and this year several times
that amount has been sold. Dr. >hep-
ard says that the leaf grown in the
south is better for black than for green
tea and that the cost of picking is
about 25 cents a pound of cured tea.
On a large scale, with the best appa-
ratus for gathering and curing, this
cost might be large! .' reduced. He
feel> confident, however, that cheap
rate culture could never be made
profitable here on account of
the lower wages that rule in
.lapan and India and China, but
the higher grade teas can be grown
dairy -live stock.
interesting chapters for
OUR RURAL READERS.
How Successful Farmer* Operate Their
Department of the Homestead — Hints
a* to the Care of Lire Stock and
Poultry.
Profit in Ten Cowi
Prof. H. H I)eau of the Ontario
agricultural college addressed a con-
vention as follows
Ten cows, perhaps, is the average
number which a farmer should have
before he will begin to realize that he
is dairying in earnest. Where but
from three to five cow-, are milked,
they are usually looked upon as a side
track—"the women kin have em to
make a little pin money Too many
persons who own cows are playing at
the dairy business, just like children
who keep house go visiting and dress
dolls. But in order to make money
out of cows nowadays we need to study
and hustle.
The first requisite is that these ten
cows shall be owned and cared for by
a dairyman or dairvwoinan. You say,
"Oh, pshaw that is easy enough.
Well, now let us see whether it is or
not. The following are some of the
points of a good dairyman
He (O'* she) should be me^t. clean, a
good farmer, a good judge of cattle, a
good feeder, kind, thoughtful, and
should nave business ability to buy
and sell to advantage The next re-
quisite is that these cows should
be the very best cows that can be
had. Every one of them should be
a standard cow—cows " it will give
You will doubtless have some neigh*
bore that tell cheap butter. Buy
from them and send your milk away.
That's the way to make money out of
cheese. A well managed joint stock
company usually pays higher dividends
to patrons than a private factory. If
the factory divides proceeds by test it
will pay to keep a few cows that give
very rich milk to bring up the average
of the whole. Cheese factories have
paid well in the province. Support
the factory if there is one in the lo-
cality. It is somewhat difficult to raise
calves in cheese factory sections, but
by having the best cows drop their
calves some time before the factory
opens, fairly good calves may be
reared. The dairy cow and the hog
make a combination that it is difficult
to surpass. Not only do they pay well,
but they are a "combine" that does
not take anything unjustly from any-
one else, (iive us more cow-hog com-
bines and we'll not hear of so many
farmer farm separations.
Pointer* on (ieeae.
An exchange says: Three or four
geese to a gander are all that should
be allowed if the object is to breed
for eggs for hatching.
It is advisable to set the egg> early
in the season, as the most vigorous
young are obtained from the early
broods.
When the goslings are hatched they
I should be cooped with their mother,
and fed on fresh tender grass, cut
The Evil at Filled Cheese
While the butter makers and deal-
ers are complaining of the inroads on
their trade made by the seductive
oleomargarine or butterine. or glucose
tilled butter; and while butchers are
anxiously eyeing the growing popu-
larity of cottolene. rexine and other
cotton-filled food compounds, the
clieesemakers and dealers have found
a casus belli against the same king
cotton that has appeared in all these
disguised forms, says a writer in Min-
neapolis Commercial Bulletin. The
enemy of the cheese industry is what
is known as "filled cheese." It has
put in an appearance on this market,
and being offered at 101 cents, while
full cream soils at 12}, cents, it is find-
ing much favor, .lust what the com-
position of this new cheese may be i
not yet known to the general public
here. It seems to be a half skimmed
cheese into which some time in process
of manufacture has been injected the
all protean cotton-seed oil in lieu of
the abstracted cream. This sub-
stitute is said to be so skillfully in-
jected that the resulting cheese
product is liable to deceive the
very elect themselves. A good judge
of cheese may pronounce it full cream
if off his guard. The principle of thi^
innovation is a threat to the cheese in
terests just as the other cotton-seed
oil compounds are. It is useless for
the Jersey cow to compete with the
cotton field and negro labor in produc
ing food fats. A shorthorued steer
and an acre of cotton property com
tine, also chopped cabbage and a small I bined in the great laboratory of Phil
quantity of dough made fmm corn | Armour will produce more butter,
meal. Drinking water should be sup-
plied in a shallow dish.
When about three weeks old they
should be let out during fine weather
and fed with only a little meal, twice
a day, and at the age of six weeks
6,000 pounds of milk or make 250 ; whole grain can be substituted.
GROUP OF ANGORA goats.—FARMERS' REVIEW.
been called. This disease seems to
have been especially prevalent during
the last few years, doubtless owing to
the peculiar conditions presented by
the weather, a warm and moist season
being most favorable to its develop-
ment
* time of appearance.
was about one-third greater than that
from a similar unsprayed plot, while
on two other sprayed plots the yield
was one-half greater than on the un-
sprayed plot. •
In another case, in a different field,
poses to put in good machinery and
start into tea selling or money.
pounds of butter in a year, and as
much more than this as possible. To
get these cows, the surest way is to
breed them. Buy them if you can*,
they are cheap at from $40 to $">0 per
head. The third point is that these
cows shall be properly housed and
cared for, and be fed on cheap food.
The money lies between the cost of
production and the >ri< -e obtained.
The former should be as low as possi-
ble and the latter—well, all you can !
get. Grass and soiling crops are good
for summer feed, with some bran or j
meal when pastures fail; and for
winter use, silage, mangels, carrots. !
sugar beets, clover hay, peas, oats, |
bran, ground wheat, n-.ecd and cot- '
tonseed meal. Give variety and all
that the cows will eat up clean, j
After the milk has been produced in
the best and cheapest manner it
must then be marketed in the best
way. There is great loss where this
is not properly looked after. If con-
siderable time, labor and mone nave
been spent up to this point, it is very j
important that the latter psirt of the .|
business should be well handled.
After the needs of the family have ,
been properly looked after—and I do i
not believe in selling the best and eat- j
ng the poorest at home the rest is i
usually disposed of in the four follow- i
ing methods.
1. Home Dairy.—To uake a success ;
of this it is necessar to have plenty i
milk
(irass is as much the natural food of
the goose as the cow, and when let 1
run they will naturally take to it. 1
However, H. H Stoddard says the j
tamed Canada goose and the long-
necked Chinese goose depend less up- |
on grass, finding much of their food j
in marshes and shallow water.
The same authority savs: "In win-
ter the supply of grain must of course ■
be greatly increased, but it should be 1
accompanied by some form of green
fodder. Apples arc useful, one being
allowed daily to each bird; the cheaper
sorts may be stored in autumn for
this purpose, liowen, cut tine, well ,
soaked during several hours. and
sprinkled with meal is a valuable ar-
ticle. Jlulk may be obtained by using
whole or ground coarse bran and oats.
Geese, to be profitable, must have
water for swimming as well as drink
cheese and pie crust shortening than
the prize Jersey of the World's l air.
These wonderful discoveries in food
products, so abundant and varied in
these last days of the nineteenth cen-
tury, will cause the dairy and farming
interests\o shift to a new basis ot
operations for the twentieth century.
Let suet and cotton-seed oil have their
place in cheap foods. If wholesome
they were made for food anil no law
under heaven can for any considerable
time stop the public from eat-
ing them. Let pure cow-milk prod-
ucts fill their own office. Let there
be an end to spoiling good milk to
make poor cheese. To steal cream
from cheese and make no return is one
step lower in fraud than to pay back
in cotton-seed oil. As the population
of this country increases as it is now
increasing—by the annual addition of
a half million immigrants who cou-
fess to no skill in labor and no prop-
erty accumulated; as this class in-
creases cheap food must necessarily
be found. If cotton-seed oil will feed
our needy unwashed brethren let
| them eat it It has the merit of be-
ing clean and wholesome—a merit not
ing purposes, but their range should always inherent in some dairy prod-
be eontined or the birds will swim j ucts as now made. The only point
with considerable profit Dr. Shep
ard is increasing his tea garden*
every year, and when the plants are
old enough to yield good crops he pro- help, good utensils, proper
a o.wi rooms, a knowledge of how to make
a small sprayed plot yielded three j Prof. Massey says that the finest
times as many merchantable potatoes
It usually makes its first appearance | as the corresponding unsprayed plot,
during the month of August when the while the weight of rotten potatoes on
vines of the later varieties are in full i the unsprayea plot was three times as
growth. Early varieties often escape great as on the sprayed plot.
its attacks altogether. The leaves are |
— Seedi f.ss Ghapes—It has been stated
in a recent essay by a prominent hor-
ticulturist that seedless grapes are
produced by growing a plant from
cuttings for several successive gener-
ations. The theory is that a plant
becomes accustomed to this mode of
propagation, and then the natural
process of producing seeds becomes
abortive bv disuse. While those of
t ;e first to show its effects. They
become more or less discolored, then
. begin at the edge to turn brown and
curl up, or, if the weather be very
damp, to rot. If a leaf which is only
partly dead is closely examined there
will be seen on the under surface, es-
pecially along either side of the line
separating the dead portion from the
living, a very fine white fuzz; this
consists of the spore stalks of the
fungus which is growing within the
tissues of the leaf and which consti-
tutes the sole cause of the
disease. If a portion of the leal
thus affected be placed under
a suitable power of the microscope,the
tine white branching stalks may be
plainly seen growing out of the breath-
ing pores or storeata in the epidermis,
sometimes one and sometimes several
growing from a single opening; on the
sides and tips of their branches will
be seen little white egg-shaped bodies;
these are the spores or seed of the
fungus causing the blight.
the reai. ti.ant.
If the interior of a leaf be examined
there will be found running in all
directions among the cells, especially
t iose of the under side of tlie leaf.fine
tea he ever tasted was grown
the south, and he has no doubt but
it will be a future profitable
crop in the Carolinas. Mr. Jack-
son. an expert tea grower from As-
sam, who had charge of the Summer-
ville plantation under Gen. Le Due,
says that with negro labor he can
raise tea more cheaply than is done
with coolie labor in India, because of
its greater reliability. In regard to
the hardiness of the tea plant, all ob-
I servers seem to agree that north of
, thirty-live degrees it is unwise to at-
j tempt to cultivate it. Around Old
Point Comfort, where some plants
wide experience may smile at this have been growing more or less feebly
speculation, it is really one on which for years, the winters cut the plants
many scientific men differ. That badly, and on the upper part of the
there is no ground whatever for be- Delaware peninsular they were en-
lieving that seedless grapes can be tirely killed. But south of these
produced in this way is evident from points, in the piney woods <ountrv
the case of the red currant in our gar- extending from Raleigh to the gulf,
dens. This has been continuously tea plants can be grown with great
propagated by cuttings from the time success, and the time ma not be far
when the Romans had sway in Eng- distant when American tea will coin-
land, and yet, as it is well known, it pete openly in the market with that
produces seeds as freely to-day as if shipped from ( iiina, Japan and India,
it had been raised continuously from
seeds for a couple of thousand of
years. Just how nature does produce
the seedless grapes is not yet well
known; and the honest answer to the
questions as to how seedless grapes
are produced would be to say that "we
don't know."—Median's Monthly.
white threads which are the mycelium j before but
or the body of the fungous plant.
Field Beans—We may have said it
, it will do to repeat now as
- . n reminder, that a crop of common
These threads absorb from the ce s beans a g-00d thing to put in if
amonp which they run the nutriment haye a pieee of land to spare.
which has been elaborated lor the use r^ey (jQ not reqUjre very rich soil, nor
of the potato itself, and cause them {g cultivation very laborious. But
to die and shrivel up or decay. lhe(it shoulJ be olea„ culture from the
spores as soon as tliey are j start, as the crop can not make head-
mature are very readily broken ! weed>. The harvesting
oft' from their stalks, and ,L" j aiso must be done with great care, not
ing so light are easily oorne bj (allowing the beans to lie upon the
the wind to healthy vines where , nd .f .g a[ B„ wet A Rood
they germinate in any moisture they ; c should pay at least as well as a
may find upon the leaves or stems and ,rop q{ wheat an l has the ,00lj p0;llt
that it helps to distribute the labor
Manure for Raspberries.—No other
fertilizer is nearly so popular among
growers as stable manure. In replies
to questions sent to growers asking
what' fertilizer is found to be most
satisfactory, stable manure is
mentioned forty four times, while
wocd ashes ranks next, being
mentioned twenty-four times. The
next choice is commercial ferti-
lizer and ground bone or bone meal,
each of which is mentioned foui
times. Four growers also say that
they use no fertilizers at all; these
live in the west. A number of other
things are' mentioned from one to
three times in these replies, among
which are superphosphate, compost,
leaves, mulch of any kind, etc. Ashes
and manure-mulch are mentioned
three times as giving good satisfaction.
-Cornell Bulletin.
butter or cheese, or both, and a suit
able market for the product. Tf a
person is not near a factory or has a
market near by, with previously men-
tioned requisites it may be advisable
to engage in the home manufacture
of butter or cheese, otherwise, for
the mass of farmers, the factory plan
is better.
2. City or Town Milk Trade.— A
good city milk trade is very profitable.
By making specialties, such as bot-
tling milk, pasteurizing milk, keeping
special cows for children and invalids,
supplying skim milk at reduced rates
and butter milk made from cream or
skim milk—this trade is very remun-
erative. A great deal of labor is con-
nected with the work, and where milk
is to be sli pped to middlemen there is
often a great deal of risT in not ret
ting money for milk shipped.
3. Creamery.—' reameries in Ontario
are of two classes cream gathered
and separator. In the former cream
is only taken from the farin and the
skim milk left for feeding. This class
of creamery has an advantage where
roads are poor and cow , scattered. To
insure its success all, the patrons
should provide deep cans and cold
water. A supply of ice is needed to
cool the'milk below 45 degrees. Cream
raised in this manner will not give so
high a test but there will be more
inches of cream from the same num-
ber of pounds of milk and it will pro- i ing and the thermometer at 20 or be
swim
away. Geese are very destructive to
grass, eating some and tramping
down a great'deal more. They should
have a pasture to themselves, and can
be shut in with a fence, tight near the
ground. They will not generally tly
more than four or live feet up, and if
disposed to go higher than this their
wings may be clipped.
Geese can be plucked three«times a
year in the south, but not more than
twice in the eastern states, and once
or twice in the west If plucked too
near freezing weather they suffer
from the cold and do not thrive.
1 - rl> *•
The Winter I> lry Cow In Summer.
I am disappointed in one thing con-
nected with winter dairying, says a
writer in an exchange. My plan has
; been to dry off the cows in July and
; turn them off to pasture, tyut it is get-
j ting more and more difficult every
year to dry them off soon enough to do
| this. This vear I could not get them
dried up till within three weeks of the
time some of them were to come ig; j
and I had to milk them once while
j they were away. Next year I intend 1
1 to keep them at home and give them
1 millet and corn fodder and milk them
as long as they will give any. It looks
as though they were going to develop
i into perpetual milkers and not give my
wife and myself any vacation. Why is it
! that cows which come in in the spring I
will dry up so fast in July and August,
i while cows which come in in the pre-
i ceding October are such persistent
! milkers, is something 1 do -not under-
stand. 1 have a Jersey cow that has
^iven milk seventeen months and is
coming in in less than a month, yet
she gives over a quart a day On the
( other hand, the summer cow due to
come in in March or April dries up in
December or perhaps in November j
without any trouble. You have only ;
to turn her out to eat frost bitten '
grass, with a good north wind biow-
that should be insisted on is that it
should be marked by its right name.
So also should such pure dairy prod-
ucts as half-skim, three-eighths skim
and other grades of skim cheese be
marked.
>qc by a practiciU
ways. The amount of
make their way through the skin
epidermis into the succulent tissues
beneath, where the threads develop
and in their turn send out a crop of
spores which help to spread the
disease.
rapidity of spread.
If the weather is sufficiently warm
and damp t^is development and spread
is very rapid, so that a large field of
apparently healthy vines may be en Currant I k.—Pick two pounds of
tirely killed in a very few days. If ripe, red currants and half a pound of
this destruction of the tops occur raspberries; rub the pulp through a fine profitable results they should have one
early, the tubers cr.*i not mature, and hair sieve iuto an earthen pastry ves-
the yield will be a light one and of in sel or a new dish, add about a pint
ferior quality; moreover, the fungus is and a half of thick syruj
over a larger portion of the year.
After the beans are harvested they
may be stored and threshed out at
any time during the winter. This
often will enable you to employ with
profit some time which otherwise
could not be used to much advantage.
—Rural Canadian.
Cultivation to prevent rapid evap-
oration is best done immediately after
a heavy fall of rain. As a rule, this
cultivation should be shallow, leaving
a thiu stratum of the surface soil fine-
ly pulverized. This will keep it from
caking and form a mulch* which re-
tards the loss of moisture by evapora-
tion.
rasphkkkie*
good soils, yt
cceed on almost all
to secure the Boost
Put this
not eontined to the tops but makes its
wav into the tubers also. The potatoes
into a freezer
nary way .
anu free '.e ia the ord;
which is well drained but moist and
easily worked. A sandy or clay lcax.
is excellent. The one tiling which
they will not abide is a wet, heavy
soil or standing water about the roots.
duce a tiner article of butter. High
testing cream and ordinary shallow
pan cream are a hindrance to the but-
termaker in a cream gathering cream-
ery. It is necessary in this kind of a
creamery,as in all co-operalive dairies,
that all the patrons should co-operate
to make theirs one of* the very best.
One patron can not make the reputa
tion of a factory, though one may
mar it.
If the separator creamery is patron-
ized.milk should be sent of good qual
ity—well aerated and cooled—and the
skim milk should be fed to calves and
pigs, in order to reap the greatest
pr fits. As a rule there is more money
made from milk sent to a separator
than to a cream-gathering creamery,
as the cream is more completely taken
out of the milk by the separator than
by the ordinary method of setting-
Beef and butter make a very good
combination, hence in beef ra. ng
sections the creamery is more popular
than the cheese factory.
4. Cheese Factory.—In section
where factories pay by the hundred,
to make money out of cows and out of
your neighbors) get tnose cows that
give a large quantity and send evcrjt
Irop of it to the factory—saturduy t ties ca
i nights and Sunday morn dps include" j quart
low, and she will dry up fast enough.
She will when thus treated dry up the
owner's pocketbook as well. \N hat
effect this persistent milking will
have on tlie calves I can not tell and
do not especially are I have seen
no ill effects yet and when I do it will
be time enough to think about this
part of the matter.
artificiai mii.k.—The Cincinnati
Times-Star announces that a chemist
of that city has succeeded in making
a fluid which has all the properties of
ordinary cow's milk, and is equal to
the best for all purpo *s It is a com-
bination of water, solids and fat*- and
is absolutely the same as and indis-
tinguishable from pure milk and ha?
the advantage of being absolutely
free from the diseases and impurities
tnat are often found In '1 his chem-
ical milk will raise a cream, will sour,
turn to curd and water, and butter
and cheese can be made from it the
same as from cow's milk At present
the cost of production is more than *
a gallon, but the eli n\t believes with
a few more experiments he can reduce
! ths price to 10 or 1"> cents a gallon
I and by making it iu wholesale quanti-
retail it at the usual 0 cents a
I t II is ing Wuste Products.
The Elgin Dairy Report tells how J.
T. Polk of Greenwood, Ind., combines
horticulture and dairying.
Mr. Polk is one of the largest canners
of corn and peas, and has utilized the
corn husks, ear, pea vines and the
refuse from these two produces bv en-
silaging them as feed for his dairy
cattle. This utilization of what has
heretofore been waste product to the
growers of these articles for canners,
shows the evolution of the times, and
what can be doq«
man in many ways, 'i'he
labor and material that are thrown
away on the ordinary dairy farm is as-
tonishing, when the close habits of
economy of the farmer are considered
Th^sjuaterial when placed Jhe sUo
and fermented according to the pro-
cess as carried out in this method of
preparing feed, is of very great value,
and the quantity and quality of rations
that are furnished by it on the farm
of Mr. Polk is astonishing The
milk immediately upon being
received into the bottling room
is aerated by having a draft of cold
air forced through it from the bottom
of the tank; it is then passed #ver an
aerator and cooler, and in this pro-
cess has passed through several strain-
ing operations, so that it comes to the
.bottling tank in probably as perfect a
condition as is possible. The milk a9
it is received from the -table is to
OS degrees, according to the weather,
and in less than twenty minutes is in
the bottling tank cooled t,o or " Ths
aeration and cooling giving the milk
most excellent keeping quality, and
producing a llavor that once had. a
customer never wants to be without
The value of these uaste products
utilized for ensilage, is practically
nothing as they are at present dis-
posed of. In this way they are worth
a great many dollars every year,
furnishing rations to a herd of Jersey
cows, that if raised or bought would
cost from 82" to SV) per cow This is
only the beginning of one of the many
methods of reducing the cost of
milk and increasing the profits to the
producers thereof. Farmers and pat-
rons of creameries who complain of
low prices for their products, could
well afford to look into the little losses
that amount to so many dollars in the
course of a year in their own work.
It is a very common thing to see from
50 to loo head of dairy cows traveling
over a 100 acre lot, without securing
any large amount of feed. If the 100
acre lot was planted in corn or S'^me
other plant suitable for ens I age., it
would probably furnish feed for the
fifty cows for six months in the year
without any other green food, an 1
with the addit on of only a small
quantity of grain, would carrv tUem
through for the whole six months. It
is this method of reducing the ooat
and increasing the profits, that t'na
dairyman must consider in these
times.
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Gilstrap, H. B. & Gilstrap, Effie. The Chandler News. (Chandler, Okla.), Vol. 3, No. 40, Ed. 1 Friday, September 7, 1894, newspaper, September 7, 1894; Chandler, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc116515/m1/3/: accessed April 18, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.