The Peoples Voice. (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 3, No. 3, Ed. 1 Saturday, August 18, 1894 Page: 3 of 8
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AND ITS REMEDY
u
BY RKV. D. OOLKSBV.
No one need be told now that onr
are crushed under this ^haal of jufror-
naut by the thousand from week, to
week. It floats in financial wreaks.
The drummer system used b? corn*
petition cotts the consumers of our
rountry as much as the expense ol
running the government. Then add
to this the system of advertising1.
UNITED STKtES.. ENGLAND.
aation is in a crisis. Society boils Every newspaper is filled with them,
like a tempest tossed sea. Millions of Hills, books, cards-even the fences
GOL.D
men and women "hanging on the
ragged edge of starvation." Millions
tramping through the country beg-
ging for labor, to earn bread. With
the multitude it ia a desperate strug-
gle to live, while a few revel in luxury;
"clothed in purple and fine linen,"
possessing fabulous wealth.
Why ia it that this great inequality
exists in a republic? In a government
formed expressly to secure equality.
Why this upheaval? Why this inter-
nal.commotion? What is the cause,
and what the remedy? There must
be a cause, and if we can find it, the
remedy will suggest Itself; for if the
cause is removed, the effect will dis
appear.
Some men think that the present
system under which society now
groans, ia the best possible system—
Uod pity their ignorance. Others
think that a change in our tariff
laws would bring peace and quiet the
country. Others think that foreign
immigration has caused all our trouble
Another class thiuk that the single
tax, a tax on land only, would be the
remedy. They see no monopoly in
anything except land. Their theory
is abolish land monopoly and all is
well. These, and many other theories
are put forth as the cause of our na-
tional unrest. They are theories, and
only theories. What we need in this
investigation is facts. It is a fact
that within the memory of the writer
(and he is not the oldest inhabitant)
there has come on the stage of pro
duction more labor-saving machinery
than ever existed in our world before.
Not less than 35 or DO per cent of the
labor of the world ia performed by
labor-saving machinery, making the
demand for wage labor leas and less.
And every day nearly aome new labor-
saving device la added. On the other
hand, .Uie>army of wage-workers grow
larger every day, making a demand
for work more and more imperative.
Thus it is seen at a glance that this
great gulf letween Dives and Laza-
rus grows wider, deeper and darker
every day.
What are we going to do about it?
There it is. This great army of
wage-workers is growing lareer every
day. They must eat. In order to eat
they must work. If it is impossible
to get work, than what? They will
be forced to starve, or steal or fight.
And are they not doing a little of
each now? Must this state of things
continue? If it does It must grow
worse because the army of wage-
workers must grow larger.
What ia the cause of this war be-
tween capital and labor, and what is
the remedy? The cause is this: Our
competitive system of business
founded on usury, has made a class of
men called capitalists. This class
own and appropriate to themselves
all the labor-saving machinery of the
world and all the benefits resulting
from them. 'rhis small class called
capitalists, using only a part of the
armyof wage-workers in connection
with labor-saving machinery, can
produce all that society needs, leav-
ing the balance of the army of wage-
workers to starve in idleness.
The Itpmmly.
The remedy is to institute a system
in which and by which all the mem-
bers of society will share propor-
tionately in the benefits of labor-sav-
ing machinery. This is the only
remedy. If this was the case now, no
one need work more than two or
three hours a day, because labor sav-
ing machinery performs three-fourths
on the highways and the walla of
barns are decorated by darning adver-
tisements. The coat ia all charged up
to the consumer. Governments com-
pete with each other. This whole
tariff business is the fruit of com-
petition line crovernmcnt feviea a
tariff; the others retaliate. The only
effect ia, it raises the price of goods to
consumers, and makes offices for men
that are too lazy to labor for a living.
The toil ing millions must pay the bills
of erecting custom houses and sup-
porting revenue collectors, whether
the collector collects anything or not.
Then governments competing with
each other under the show of main-
taining the balance of power, main-
tain large standing armies. Kurope
is loaded down with armies number-
ing mlllious in time of peace. These
useless masses, organized for murder
on a gigantic scale, must be supported
off the labor of the toiling masses.
Then add the expense of war ships,
forts and arsenals, guns nnd ammu-
nition, military schools, etc,, eto.
What a burlesque to parade these
agencies of death, of murder, of blood,
with all their glitter and call this
Christian civilization. It is vastly
more develish than Christian. The
expense saddled on the poor ia slav-
ery.
The world must be emancipated
from this system of competition in
order to be free. We must substitute
love for hatred.
Socialism applied to the money
question would emancipate labor
forthwith. Every idle man in the
I'nited States might be put to useful
labor in a week. Let the people de-
mand it at the ballot box.
There will never be a settled state of
society in our country, nor no where
else In the world until gove rnments
adopt and-act on the foregoing lines
Justice demands that governments
secure to all its citizens equil oppor-
tunities. Socialism applied will do
this Competition prevents it
This cry against socialism is heard
everywhere. We hear it in the press,
on the s'ump, and in the halls of con
gress. This cry of the hypocriti-
cal class about "paternalism," is the
"stop thief" cry to cover up their own
meanness. They control the govern
ment and operate it in their own In
tcrest.
It reminds us of the cry "abolition-
ism," and "nigger equality" that
filled the air just before Mr. Lincoln's
first election. The enemies of free-
dom worked it for all its worth. Now
the same cry of paternalism is raised
against social equality tor the same
reason. It demonstrated the ignor
atice or meanness, or both, of those
who make it.
All evil is perverted good. We have
had socialism perverted to oppress the
masses for ages Governments have
been used in that way.
Every trust, every combine, every
corporation, is socialism for the bene-
fit of a class. It is perverted social-
ism. It is this class of socialists who
cry out against true socialism. True
socialism, the kind that the world
needs, is government socialism, 01
socialism of all society instead ol
classes in society. Let the govern
ment, all its citizens, be the only
capitalist. Individualism will still
have ample scope for operating,
limited only by not being permitted
to levy tribute on society.
True socialism is coming. We might
as well undertake to make the Missis-
SILVLR
QUESTION
Wh Do Pin-Hrnriad WMI;la4 Economlata Inal.l Thmt tha lTnlli.il stntaa Moat
M.ln.lln a ..old Maxianl Whan It la Salf-Evldenl that Wa Hava Not Oot
Enoud. Uol.l to Maintain It? TI.. Abo . 1-Utnra. IT.aa.tM* Caaa
la a Forolbla Mannar Lai II. H a nil.., Mon.v and PlaatJ of It J
HE SCORES HIM.
fOM WATSON GETS AFTER
THE CONSTITUTION MAN.
"• Kaot-ha Him Out In Oua ftound
(People's Party Paper i
You say that when Mr. Watson dis-
cusses tariff and finance, the demo-
cratic mosses go as far as he does.
All right. That shows the people
are with him, or he with the people—
whichever you like.
But hotf are your democratic masses cm and the south is democratic?
going to navigate in the democratic I Can you ever get the two sections
party? i to harmonize unless both drop their
Their tariff views have been mocked: °'d parties and meet in a new one?
their financial demands insulted and 1 an you hope any concerted action
in ths national convention, where the
north and east outvote her, ahe must
take her candidate and her platform
from their dictation.'
Is the south always to elect the
President and never to control him?
Is she always to be a footstool, a
paekhorae, a serving man. for the
democratic millionaires of New Eng-
land and New York, and for the un-
principled boodlers of Tammany hall?
tan the south ever succeed in get-
ting relief except by the help of the
west'.'
Can the west ever unite with the
south as long as the west is republi-
of the labor now. If we can't ar- j slppi river run toward the north pole
range a system in which all will share ' 38 t0 to stoP "s coming.
in the benefits of labor-saving ma-
chinery, it would be better if no labor-
saving machinery had been invented;
for under our present system it is a
curse to wage workers. This needed
system is co-operation or socialism.
What the world needs, must and will
have, is the system of socialism
taught by Jesus Christ and practiced
by the early church. The world has
been under the competitive system
for 0,000 years It has wrecked every
government nearly; those that are
left standing to-day are on the borders
of violent revolution—standing over
rumbling volcanoes.
Competition at its best is social
war. *W,hen it matures and comes to
perfection it ends in civil war. It is
individualism. It is every man for
himself, if the devil does get the hind-
ermost. It is hatred. There is no
love in its makeup. It practically re-
pudiates the fact that man is his
brother's keeper. It Ignores the fact
that an injury to any one is the con-
cern of all. It is division and disin-
tegration. It divides, separates and
produces inequality. Founded on
selfishness it cultivates the baser part
(©f man s nature, and fills society with
envy and jealousy. It antagonizes
jthe commeroe of the world to Chris-
tianity. It pervades every fiber of
society. Fror.n t/he huckster on the
street corner to the great govern-
ments of earth its deadly work is seen
and felt. It is the most expensive and none to
system that -could be devised. The afraid.
losd piled on the world by It is incom- j era! The Lord hasten it on.
rrehensibl* lHWiuil, ari arm, j Rtchyiew. III., July 2. 18 4
For six thousand years, nearly, the
wcrld has been "groaningand travail
ing in pain" under the grinding law
of competition. Now the seventh
thousand year period, which is to bt
God's millennium is at the door and
the world is goingto be "born again".
We are in the throes of the new birth
now. In that new era civil law will
be in harmony with divine law. Ai
it is now human law is elevated abovt
divine law.
This is tne disturbing element which
distracts society all over the world.
Our definition of usury elevates mane
law above God's law. Our lana tenar«
laws do the same thing. Out of these
two errors have come all the strife
and commotion which vex and
agitate society. In the millen
nial period which is being
ushered in, civil governments ot
law will be just, and in harmony with
divine law That is all the millenniutr.
means. Ihere will be no monopolies
and trusts then "They shall build
houses and occupy them, plant vine
yards and eat the fruit. They shall
not build and another occupy; they
shall not plant and another eat," etc
Every family will own a home of thei!
own, across the threshhold of whicl
no officer of the law can cross witl
writs of ejectment for non-payment o
rents or taxes, for interest and rent,
will be no more, and every man shal
'sit under his own vine and fig tre<
molest or make hia
Oh, happy dayl Oh, glorion
trampled upon.
Harrison did not dare to issue bonds.
Cleveland did—and your party, in
its every county convention, is pulling
the stuffing out of the vocabulary to
get words strong enough to praise his
"courage, honesty, patriotism, fidelity
and statesmanship."
The republicans did not dare to
shut the mints to silver.
Cleveland did it; and had the help
of the very cuckoos who were elected
as rampart free silverites, and who
are now being "endorsed" by every
court house crowd in their respective
districts.
The republicans did not dare to
givs to the Rothschild syndicate the
"option" between gold and silver,
which the law said should belong to
the government.
But Cleveland did It; and thus
opened the way by which silver pur-
chsse notes can be used to raUe gold
out of the treasury—thus forcing a
bond issue to get bacK that identical
gold.
Imbecility, corruption and venal
favoritism never reached such a cli-
max! The Wall-streeter takes a silver
note; demands gold for it; gets the
gold when the law said he* might be
paid in silver. The government then
wants the gold back, and issues a
bond and sells it for the gold. Net
result: the Wall-streeter has used sil-
ver, or greenbacks, to get a gold bond
which is not to be taxed and which
brings him a guaranteed slice of the
taxes of all the balance of us.
The repu blicans did not dare to stop
purchasing silver while the law of
I 1890 stood on the books.
Mr. Cleveland did.
Now there is the record. Who dis-
putes it? Nobody. Who endorses it?
Democrats. '
Except in McDuffie county, there
has not bean, so far as we can recall,
a single clean cut "repudiation" of
Grover Cleveland's schame to republi-
canize the democratic party,
With the exception named, there
has been a straddling of convictions,
a shaving of expressions, a juggling
with words; but nowhere has there
been an honest, manly condemnation
of the republican tendencies of Cleve-
land and the cuckoos.
Now why parley with such condi-
tions?
Why hope for the hopeless?
'ihe Constitution says we must send
new men.
Who else says so? Their districts
are not saying so. The very men who
voted to shut the mints to silver have
already been endorsed id county con-
ventions.
Ihe Atlanta Journal, the adminis-
tration organ in Georgia (having made
its own record the-first victim of its
gastric juice) is now prepared to fur-
nish proof that "free silver" never
was a part of your platform.
Tell us, therefore, what the masses
have to hope, when the democratic
machinery is being run in this man-
ner?
Are they always to elect a supply
of new men as they did in K-9) and
1S92, and then have to indorse those
when they violate the pledges?
Are they always to be bound by a
aational convention of your party in
which the north and east controls?
Is the south always to furnish the
rotes which elect the President, while
the north and east controls his policy
ifter election?
Is the south (being for free silver,
iow taxes and the income tax) always
M furnish 156 of the 233 votes ia the
from the democratic party when It
has no test of membership, no unity
of action, no larmony of creed, no
acknowledged purpose, no accepted
faith, no unquestioned leader?
Can't a man believe anything and
be a democrat'.1
Can't he vote any way and be a dem-
ocrat?
Can't he violate your platform and
be a democrat?
Can't he herd with republicans ana
be a democrat?
Don't you know that in the east a
democrat is one thing and in the west
quite another?
Don't you know that in the north
democrat is one thing and in the
south quite another?
How can you hope for such a party?
How can it live? How can it do any
thing for the people?
If the good book is right when it
says a "house divided against itself
must fall"—then the days of your
party are numbered.
Yes, we admit that the Atlanta Con
stitution lias made a brave and mighty
fight against the republican tide
which has swamped the democratic
party—but it has failed.
Now let it be equally brave.
Let it join the People's party and
help us save the republic.
We have a creed—and only one.
\\ e have a purpose—and it is the
same in all sections.
In the east our creed decides who is
with us—and no other test do
have, west or north or south,
We unite the west and the south by
giving tbem Jeffersonian principles I brought to such depths of poverty and
Q . wuuu Uf/tlU T* i- I 1 '
stand
Mr, Gray (dam DelawaraV—Do I
understand the senator to say that the
peraons who vote for tho- bill will vio-
late their oaths?
Mr. Hoar—I do.
Mr. Gray—That Is avery remarkable
charge for the senator from Massa-
chusetts to make against his col-
leagues In the senate.
Mr. Hoar— It is a very remarkable
thing to do.
Mr. Gray I repel that charge a.
unworthy of the senator from Massa-
chusetts. and aa unworthy of a sena-
tor in this place. That is what 1 say.
Mr. Hoar -Than we will go a little
further.
Mr. Gray—We will go further. I
will go as far as the senator wi'.L
Mr. Hoar—Mr. President, the demo-
cratic party acquired the confidence
of this country ia 14U2, by a platform
which declared that protection was a
robbery and a fraud, and was a viola-
tion of the constitution, and they have
got a bill now crowded with protec-
tion. They have put in it new pro-
tective duties. They have put a duty
on sugar, which they are going to In-
crease for protection, and for nothing
else. •
"No man who believes as the demo-
cratic convention declared at Chicago,
that the constitution of the United
State* prohibits the imposition of a
duty for protection, and who has taken
a solemn oath that he will support
that constitution in the office of sena-
tor, on which ha was about to enter,
and that that principle shall be the
guide and law for all his official con-
duct, can cast his vote for a bill con-
taining a new duty, containing an in-
creased duty, rataining or maintain-
ing and reaffirming an old duty, for
the purpose of protecting an industry
south or north. ' • Opinions
and desires may be compromised.
But principles, oaths, honor, pledges,
duties, can not be compromised with-
out very seriously compromising the
man who undertakes to do it."
Hoar is a compound of literateur,
preacher, politician and nutmeg-ped-
dler. If he had been a statesman in-
stead of making tho foregoing speech
be would have said:
"Mr. President— our democratic
brethren and ourselves have been
humbu/glng the people of this coun
try for half a century, with the pre
tence that there were two sides to th«
question of duties on imports froix
foreign countries. We have made the
voters believe that we represented i
protection and that the democrats ad
vocated the abolition of protection
The democrats are now in power; thej
have prepared a bill which represent!
their ideas; and every one can see tha!
there is no free trade in it; that, it
fact, it is more protective than the re
publican tariff act, non on the statutt
books. Consequently the principle ol
protection is not in danger from any
quarter in these United States; conse-
quently it will be a fraud on the peo-
ple to seek to make it again an issue
in our politics; for the only differences
between the two parties, in regard to
it, are as to matters of petty detail, as
to little things, pins, hoop-skirts and
crockery; which are rather matters for
the consideration of legislative com-
mittees, in a non-partisan spirit, than
questions of a great principle to agi-
tate the minds of 70,000,000 people.
"But we have seen the people,under
the protection of the highest protec-
tive tariff ever known in this country,
DANCERS OF SHOPPING.
•klllfnl Thlavea Hant on (iattla( tha
rook At hook* or th« U«|9t>
Th e fine parlors and waiting rooms
nrhich are now to be found in tho
Big dry goods stores, the Now York
; Sun says, have been put to a
peculiar use by the piokpockets and
Mioak thieves that make the stores
'heir stamping ground. Recently
the porter In ore of the Fourteenth
itreet stores found a pocketbook in
>ne of the waste baskets in tho
ladies' parlor. \\ hon opened at the
luperintiondent's desk it was found
w contain u check for $40 and a
lumber of lltllo trinkets. Theaupor-
I ntendent hunted up the address of
the person to whom tho check was
made payable, and wroto to her
Sho came down the noxt day and
proved her ownership of the proo-
| orty. v *
••Hardly a day passes without our
porters finding rifled pockotbooks In
tho ladies parlor," said the superin-
i tendont of tills store, "and, although
wo liavo a detective on guard a largo
part of the time, it sooms impossible
to catch the thievos. The fact is
that the really expert pickpocket
and sneak thiof who works tho dry
goods stores will take nothing ex-
cept cash and valuable jewelry. Ho
will not take the risk ot detection
which the ordinary thiof does.
Checks, trinkets and small articles
of no especinl valuo the expert thief
throws away.
"They rarely examine their booty
in the same store in which they steal
: it. Take tho pocketbook of this
woman, for instance. Sho was not
j in our store at all on tho day that
tho pocketbook was found here. Tho
| pocketbook was takon from her at a
swell store up town. The thief evi-
dently hastened away as soon as the
theft had been committed,came down
hero and examined the pockotbook.
took out the cash, which I believe
amounted to $«(> or #70, and threw
the rest into tho waste basket
"Of course, all those expert
thieves are women. Under their
present system thoir operations aro
very successful. The ordinary thief
goes around grabbing hero and thero,
and waits until he has collared ali
the stealable things in sight. The
chances are nine out of ten that he
will bo detected before he finishes.
That shows the superiority of the
expert crook's work. Slie makes no
effort to steal more than one pocket-
book at a time. Sho pays no atten-
tion to goods on tho counter, because
they are too bulky and not easily
negotiable. Unless she is caught in
the act of taking a pooketbook ttjore
is practically no chance of catching
her. Having made her grab she
goes to some other store, in the
privacy of the ladies' room gets rid
of any part of her seizure which
might be compromising. I don't
know of a single case of this sort
whoro tho thief was caught and tho
property recovered. Of course, the
detectives have learned to recognize
some of the thieves who work in
this way, but that has only enabled
them to keep thetn out of their
stores In places where they ara
not known yet, they operato without
hindrance."
Sicily
Gate-
Asia
and a common ground upon which to | wretchedness that our viry instUuT
In the national convention the west
and the south, both beingforone creed
and one party, will control.
In the electoral college the west and
the south will control.
And the west and the south having
made the platform and named the can
didate, and accomplished his election,
will control him!
lhis we can do because in the Peo-
ple's party the west and the south can
unite in one party, with a common in-
terest, with tho same creed and the
same purpose.
It can not be done in the democratic
party, because the west is republican
where the south is democratic; and
while corrupt leaders may jnggle frsm
one camp to the other, the rank and
file of honest republicans will never
join the democratic party, any more
than the rank and file of honest
democrats will join the republican
party. r
THE FRAUD EXPOSED
Mora ot the Tariff Sham—A
Over Nothing.
|The Representative.]
The republicans are tickled'over the
way Senator Hoar goes for the high
protection of the democrats. It is
Satan rebuking sin—nay more ridicul
ing sin. Hoar said, speaking of the
pending democratic tariff bill:
"It represents no principle. The
free trader does not approve it. The
protectionist does not approve it. The
wage-earner does not approve it. The
employer does not approve it It does
tions are trembling in the balance.
We must be honest with those who
sent us here. We must address our-
selves to the giant questions of
finance; we must liberate the people
from the bondage of the money lend-
ers; we must give honest industry
prosperity, by furnishing it with an
adequate supply of currency for the
business of the country. To attempt
any longer to deceive the people about
pretended differences on the question
of protection, where none really exists,
would be a shameful and unworthy
trick, and a damnable erime against
God and man. While we are fighting
this sham battle the republic is ad-
vancing through the gates of univer-
sal distress to the hell of anarchv-or
to the greater perdition of an aristo-
•ratic, absolute despotism."
But Hoar thinks too much of his
! nutn>egs to make any such speech as
that The conception of it would
crack his skull. He is simply expos-
ng the democratic fraud for the pur-
pose of maintaining the republican
fraud. It is a clamorous contention
between cheats. It is thieves fighting
over their bcoty. It is dirty-faced
gamins crying "you're another."
Mankind has no interest in the dis-
putations of such creatures. But the
cyclone gathers—bigger and bigger,
blacker and blacker; and ere long its
huge arm will reach down into the
desecrated arena and sweep these
contending, chattering monkeys into
the abyss. j ^
Nuinet (looxraphktl.
Siberia signifies "thifsty."
is "the country of grapes.'
donia means "a hign hill.
signifies "in tho middle," from the
fact that ancient geographers
thought it between Europe and
Africa. Italy signifies "a country of
pitch, from its yielding great quan-
tities of black pitch. Hibernia is
"utmost," or "last habitation," for
beyond this to tne westward tho
Phoenicians never extended their
voyages. Britain is "the country of
tin," great quantities being found in
it The Greeks called It Albion,
which signifies either "white" or
"high," from the whiteness ot its
cliffs or the high rocks on tho west-
ern coast
Tho Colt lit.
electoral college, which make
irr We are in the beginning of a revo-
not help capital. ItT does not" help I '"Uon that wiU strain a" existing re-
labor. It does not keep any pledge. It ''S'0113 and Political institutions, and
does not conform to any political plat- teSt the wisdaluand heroism of earth'i
form. The committee that reported I Purest and bravest souis. It will not
it do not approve it.
on that committee do not approve it.
Ihe house does not approve it The
senate does nat approve it. The men
ho are to vote for it, most of the
Knrth's Molaln.
The most costly of all motals. sava
only gallium, which is worth $3,000
an ounce, is germanium, which is
quoted at $1,125 an ounce. Kho-
diurn is worth $112,50 an ounce;
ruthenium, $!)0 an ounce; iridium,
$37.50 an ounce; osium, f>26ounce,
and palladium, $2fi an ounce. Tho
last is about equal In value to gold.
1 hese metals, howover, aro of no
great commercial importance as thoy
are but lightly used—Inventive Ago.
Ileal Horrid.
horrid Mrs. Dodgo!
never speak to her again if I
help it."
Ho—\\ hat did she say ?
"I told her I thought my last pic-
tures made me look much younger
than 1 am, and she said, -Yes; no one
would take you for more than thirty-
five."
"That
I'll
can
Was
I sell
inrittr .i, .. , . — maJ are t0 violate their oaths to support
y the north and east furnishing the constitution, a« thay understand
.one which can be relied on-whilait. when they oast their
reported ,
The democrats | to say (hat the revolution is not
coming, or pronounce it of the devil
Revolutions, even in their wildest
fbrms, are the impulses of 3od mov-
ing in tides of fire through the life o*
man.—Rev. Geo. D. Herrou.
Is it not in order for some one to Ba$
tho Populist party is *oing to piscesl
Ought to Have ISeen Kipllclt.
"Say, here, Mr. Goldstein. I only
bought this coat of you yesterday,
and a little rain makes it shrink like
this."
Mr. Goldstein—Mino frient!
it a rain coat you wanted?
you one at halluf price.—Life.
No rtilrn for Work.
Dashleigh-—So George is working
again?
Henleigh—Oh, dear, no. He has
a place in the street cleaning de-
partment—Judge.
A Cantllil I pin on.
Algy, striking a now theme —
What do you think of this new mon-
key language. Miss Ethel?
Ethel, yawning—I think It's very
tiresome.—Ui fe.
A Short W f Out of It.
Papa—Hui why do you sign it
'iTour loving son,"Amy?'
Amy—Why, of course mamma will
know, and I couldn't spell daughter!
—Life.
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Allan, John S. The Peoples Voice. (Norman, Okla.), Vol. 3, No. 3, Ed. 1 Saturday, August 18, 1894, newspaper, August 18, 1894; Norman, Oklahoma Territory. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc116498/m1/3/: accessed April 19, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.