The Hennessey Clipper. (Hennessey, Okla.), Vol. 18, No. 47, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 9, 1908 Page: 3 of 8
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TUBERCULOSIS OF DOMESTIC
STOCK AND ITS CONTROL
Every Stockman Should Know Conditions Under Which
Disease Develops.—By 11. L. Russell, Wisconsin.
Tilts disease occurs most frequently
In cattle and sv.-lne, although other
nuiuial si>ecies are not wholly exempt.
Its ravages in the foregoing classes of
stock have bccome so marked in late
years that every stockman should be
rome familiar with the conditions un-
der which the disease develops. In
both cattle and hogs It is exceedingly
difficult to recognize tnberculosis 111
its early stages, but as it progresses
in the body loss of weight occurs, and
In the later stages emaciation. If th'
disease is present In the lungs, as is
usually the case in cattle, a hacking
cough develops. The lymph glands
may show evidence of enlargement,
tlio coat of the animal becomes rough
ami staring and its genera! condition
more or less impaired. Where an ani-
mal giadually "runs down" In condi-
tion without any apparent cause, par-
ticularly if the trouble Is accompanied
I persed at public auction among 1J
farmers. Soon after the bale two of
j ihcso who purchased stock tested
| their herds. The only animals found
1 affected wore among those purchased
j at the sale. This led to the testing of
i ail the herds into which any of the
'' auction stock had b <-i introduce;!,
and the surprising fact was deter-
] mined that out of the 55 animals
j bought 33 had tuberculosis. Those 33
head were distributed among 12 of the
13 purchasers, if this case bad not
bo?n discovered when it was, a whole
community would have heen exposed
to the scourge from this single sale.
When tuberculosis has become es-
tablished in any locality in the abovo
way the community creamery or
cheese factory may become a means
of distributing disease. If tuberculous
factory byproducts (skim milk or
whey) be taken back to the farms of
Good Hoppers for Poultry Feeding
Save Labor and Avoid Underfeeding
Fig. 1.—An apparently healthy-looking pure-bred bull diagnosed as tubercu
lar on the basis of the tuberculin test.
by a cough, tuberculosis should bo
suspected. In case the animal dies or
is slaughtered, an examination of in-
ternal organs should always be made.
The disease can generally be recog-
nized, even in the moderately early
stages, by the presence of enlarged,
hardened glands along the windpipe,
in the lung tissue and often in the
body cavity. The liver when affected
has yellow abscesses. Upon cutting
these tubercular growths in the body,
they are generally found to contain
j-ellowish, or grayish yellow, cheesy
material, often firm and hard, and
gritty to the knife, but sometimes, in
the more advanced stages, broken
down into creamy pus.
This disease, like all other com-
in linkable diseases, is produced solely
by the entrance of a microscopic plant
(organism, the bacillus of tuberculosis,
into the body of a susceptible animal.
This germ multiplies rapidly in the
animal tissues and is thrown off in
the feces and from the lungs. An ani-
mal suffering from the disease is
therefore spreading the same from the
the individual patrons, the young
slock and hogs will be exposed. Sev-
eral cases of this sort have recently
been detected.
If dairy farmers will do three things
they may keep their herds free from
the scourge:
I 1. Find out the actual condition of
their herds by applying the tuberculin
test.
2. If found free, buy in the future
only testod stock or test them before
admitting same to herd.
3. For young stock and hogs use
skim milk separated at home, or pas-
teurized properly at creamery or fac
tory.
1 If disease is found, reacting animals
should be separated and disposed of
properly and the barns adequately
disinfected. In the case of valuable
animals, healthy calves may generally
be secured from reacting cows, if
calves are separated at birth and fed
on boiled milk of mother or milk from
non-reacting animals. Remember the
danger from tuberculosis lies in its
hidden course of development, and for
the front that hinges up from below to
close the opening when it i desired
that the fowls should not eat. It la
tho outcome of a long series of ex-
periments and is the only hopper of a
large number tried at the station plant
that will not waste feed and yet does
not clog. The fact that it has n
door to close and that it is made cl
In the cry feeding of poultry, which
is attracting considerable attention at
the preseat time, a hopper or Home
similar device for supplying feed is es-
sential. Hopper feeding, according to
J. E. Rice and R. C. Lawry, of the
New York Cornell station, saves labor,
guards against underfeeding, and
makes the keeping of fowls in large
flocks less objectionable because it
avoids crowding, which is likely to
occur when considerable numbers are
fed a wet mash.
Experiments which have been con-
ducted nt the New York Cornell sta
tion indicate "that for young fowls of
the laying varieties, kept for commer-
cial egg production, the feeding of a
dry mash in a feed hopper which is
accessible at all times during the day
is to be recommended."
Whether the same system of feeding
will prove as satisfactory with old
fowls of the laying varieties or with
young fowls of the general purpose or
meat varieties, we have not yet de-
termined by actual comparative test.
Nor has it been proved that the sys-
tem can be used with safety with
breeding fowls. This is a vital con-
sideration. The ultiirfate test which
will decide whether or not the hopper
feeding of dry mash will be of univer- j New York Feed Grit Hopper with
sal application to the feeding of fowls, j Three Compartments.
will be the effect on the vigor of the
offspring. It is too early yet to de ' galvanized Iron makes it entirely rat
cide this point. Many practical feod- j proof. It is placed on a platform
prs, however, conclude from an ex- five inches tall that projects out waul
tended experience that the breeding six inches In front to prevent tho lit-
THE PLAGUE OF FLIES
By John B. Smith, Entomologist.
a
Fig. 2.—Same animal as in Fig. 1, 18 months later,
"quick consumption."
tiie last stages of
time the tubercles or nodules in its
body begin to break down, until death
occurs. Not only is the affected ani-
mal itself a source of danger, but the
germs are distributed throughout the
stable, thus making it possible for the
disease to be transmitted through the
medium of infected quarters to
healthy stock even after the originally
diseased animals are removed.
The disease is generally Introduced
Into a herd either by the purchase of
an animal having tuberculosis in the
■arly but unrecogni? 1 stages, or by
lie use of infected factory by-prod
ucts, like skim milk or whey.
In securing tuberculin tests on dif-
ferent herds throughout the state of
Wisconsin the attempt has been mad"
to obtain a history of each reacting
animal. Over 200 cases have been
found in which the records show that
tuberculosis has been started in herds
by the introduction of animals from
outside sources. In some of the cases
the disease has come from pure-bred
stock, in earlier years doubtless the
disease was spread relatively more
frequently In this way than in any
other, but now such an Increasing
number of herds have become In-
volved that the public auction and pri-
vate sale function quite as frequently
is a distributer of contagion as any
other method. The following Interest-
ing case of this nature shows the
lapidity with which the disease may
•prMd. A berd of 55 animals was dio-
The common house fly. Musca domestical larvae with detail* at right; pup-
arium at left; adult in c nter; all enlarged.
the sake of the herd itself, as well as
for human beings consuming the prod-
ucts of the herd, one cannot afford to
neglect taking such steps as are nec-
essary to find out positively the condi-
tion of their herd. If a stock owner
is In the habit of buying and seiling
cattle, especially dairy stock, It is al-
most impossible to escape the dts
ease. Even in som^ of the best beef
breeds the disease has been wide-
ly prevalent. Wisconsin prohibits the
Importation of dairy and breeding cat-
tle until they are tuberculin tested,
but permits as yet unrestricted sale of
stock within its boundaries. If only
tested dairy stock could be transferred
from one owner to another the rapid
spread of the disease would be
checked, and it would not requiro
much time to eradicate the herds al-
ready involved.
Propagating Currants. — Currants
and gooseberries are easily prop-
agated front cuttings. Cut eight-Inch
lengths of last season's wood, set
j them upright a few inches apart, in
rows (evach cutting having at leaat
lone bud above ground), cultivate
j them as you would any other crop.
It Doesn't Pay.—It don't pay to dis-
I clpllne the cows with the milking
| stool. I tried it one night on a cow
I that vexed me and for the next three
{ days she hardly gave enough milk to
j pay for her feed, whereas before she
paid 15 centa a day profit.
fowls having constant access to dry
;nash will not suffer in health from
overeating or lack of exercise. We
feel certain at this time that hopper
feeding when properly employed has
genuine merit and will become an es-
tablished practice. To be successful,
ter from being scratched into it. It
has been found that one catch in the
the center ol' the door is more satis-
factory than the two catches.'' The
cost is about $4.
Recent experiments at New York
Cornell station have shown that litnjf
Pommace fly, Drosophila ampelophila ; a, adult, with b, c, structural detail*;
d, e, puparium from side and above; f, larvae, and g, its anal end; all
enlarged.
L/'tf* MB.**
CROSS SECTION
PERSPECTIVE VIEW
The New York Feed Hopper.
however, it must be adapted to suit
the various breeds and other condi-
tions as to age, season and environ-
ment.
The authors have devised a hopper
for use in the dry feeding of poultry
which has been tested at the New
York Cornell station. It consists of
a galvanized iron box, having several
compartments, with hinged cover,
and on the front openings through
which the feed can be reached by the
poultry. A curved false bottom sep-
arates the upper or storage chamber
of the hopper from the trough in the
lower part and is arranged so that
feed fails in small quantities into the
trough. Our large illustration and the
following quotation from the bulletin
referred to explain the construction of
this hopper.
The feed hopper which is used for
feeding dry meals, meat scraps or
grain "is made of No. 26 galvanized
iron, is 36 inches long, 24 inches tall,
and eight inches wide, divided into
three compartments 12 inches wide,
and will hold about 60 pounds of msal
or 100 pounds of grain. It is built
with a slanting top aud has a door on
and grit are required at all times by
fowls for best results as regards
health and production. It is essential,
therefore, that fowls should have ac-
cess to cracked oyster shells or equiv-
alent material at all times, and it
seems also desirable that some other
grit and perhaps charcoal should be
provided. For this purpose a grit
he? per was devised by the authors,
which is large enough to make fre-
quent filling unnecessary and is so
constructed that it will keep clean
and will not clog or waste. It is very
si ^jlar in construction to the feed
hopper described above, except that it
is open above the trough Instead of
closed In. According to the authors,
the cost of the hopper, which is made
of galvanized iron, should not exceed
$1. The one column Illustration shows
the appearance of the hopper and its
method of construction. The rounded
back and the overhanging lip In front
prevent waste. The slanting top Is
j also noticeable, as well as the eyes
| at the back, by which the hopper
| may be attached to the wall. The hop-
j per illustrated is made in three com-
I partments.
V*
■ — 9—-
W
1 1
11
1 1
1 1
1 •
' 1
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i i
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i i
1 '
Take two pieces of Umber 3x6
Inches, 16 feet long, and place on
bolsters of wagon, so that they lie ou
edge. Across these at either end lay
a flat piece 2x6 inches on the edges of
the 3x6 Inch pieces and bolt on with
8-inch bolts. Then fix two plcces 2x4
Inches across the 3x6-inch picces, four
feet distant from each end and bolt
on with 3-lnch bolts. Along the ends
of these cross pieceB lay flat two
planks 2x4 Inches 16 feet long, one on
oither side. These latter piece* need
not be m-ied, but are better if thia is
A number of species of flies occur
In houses, but most of them do not
breed there. The largest percentage
consists of the common house fly
(Musca domestica), and this is a nui-
sance in every sense of the term. It
not only an annoyance, but is actu-
ally dangerous as a carrier of any
sort of germ disease. The adult gets
into everything, walks over every-
thing and feeds on or at least tastes
almost everything. "(Jeruis" may be
taken up on the hairy pads of the
feet from excrementitious matter, ex-
pectorations or other waste, and may
be carried to food or directly to the in-
dividual. From a Bickroom, flies
should be most rigidly excluded.
House flies lay their egg3 on, and
their larvae live iri excrementitious
material of many sorts; but the fa-
vorite food Is horse, dung, and in a
small quantity of this a great num-
ber may develop. Sometimes they
are found in garbage pails or barrels;
but these are more usually used by
other species. The larvae of flies are
maggots, and it takes only a little
oyer a week for thein to pas-i through
all (he stages, from egg to adult. De-
velopment. therefore, takes place out-
doors as a rule, and only the adults
come into the house. They hibernate
there if given a chance, and in a
well-warmed residence flies are never
entirely dormant.
Another common species is some-
what larger than the house fly, metal-
lic green In color,
and this is at-
tracted to and
breeds in garbage
and animal and
vegetable refuse
of all kinds. If
a garbage pail is
left uncovered or
Garbage fly, Lu- loosely covered in
i cilia caesar; en- summer for three
| larged. Jr four days, It
will be found swarming with the mag-
Y0UR STAND
OF ALFALFA
By George L. Furrcll.
How to Build a Hay RacK
done. Ilore inch holes 18 inches
apart and set willow sticks into them,
leaving them about four feet long.
Place along the top of these sticks 2x
4-inch planks 16 feet long, having
holes to correspond with holes below
and to fit over the tops of the sticks.
Do the samo for each end. The Jo'*
will now be completed except for floor
of rack and braces. The floor can be
put In with inch lumber and may have
a Bpace of three Inches between each
board. The braces are best made of
wirs.
The time is close at hand when
every farmer who grows alfSlfa and
fall grain should see to it that they
put the disks and harrows to work, es
pecially those who own and operate
arid farms. Just as soon as the soil
is dry enough to work without clog-
ging put on the disk, set it at the
second notch, put a weight on it be-
sides the boy driver and disk it
lengthwise. Have a team with a bar
row behind the disk and work the
ground down well. Then turn cross
wise with the disk and harrow and
work it all over again. If the alfalfa
is thin this work will thicken It and if
weedy will destroy the weeds.
After this is done, make a frame
eight to ten feet long and fill it with
good long brush, then put a heavy
plank upon it for the boy to run It
over the field to break up all the
lumps and to fine the surface soil
This conserves the moisture also,
which will save ona or all waterings
on Irrigated land and make hay that
is worth much more than alfalfa that
has been irrigated. Some people ad-
vocate sowing a little seed upon alfal-
fa fields that are thin but this is only
to throw away the seed as It will not
grow. My advice with such thin crops
is to plow them up and sow a grain
upon the land two or three seasons,
then re-sow to alfalfa by plowing the
land eight inches deep in (he fall.
Disk, barrow and level the land
early in the following spring, sow the
seed with a drill two inches deep with
oife-half bushel of oats and eight
pounds of alfalfa seed, then as soon
as the oats are in the milk mow the
field close to the ground, and get a
gots of this species, ranging in size
from those just out of the egg to half
grown or more. These flies are not
so obtrusive indoors and do not gen-
erally bother tho person or get into
cooked food.
Larger yet, and comparatively more
rare, is the "blue-bottle," or "blow
fly;" a dull blue, stout, bristly species
which makes a loud huzzlng noise and
is more annoying from that cause
I than from almost any other. The
larvae or maggots of this species de-
velop chiefly In decaying animal mat-
ter. A dead mouse will support a
dozen; a dead rat will mature a large
brood.
All these flies are actually scaven-
gers, hence tliey have a function and
the best way to deal with them is to
remove the cause for their existence.
Allow no decaying matter in or close
to the house, and keep all garbage
receptacles so tightly covered that
the (lies cannot get at the contents to
lay eggs.
Flies do not like the dark, and will
fly out of a small lighted opening, If
the remainder of the room be dark-
ened. They are attracted by food
odors, hence are most numerous In
kitchens and dining-rooms. Give them
no chance to get food and they will
not stay long; hence in parlors and
sitting-rooms kept darkened and free
from food particles, flies are rarely
seen.
Ilesides these larger species which
may be kept out by care and screens,
there are often found, especially in
late summer and early fall, very small
files, with bright red eyes. These are
the so-called "pommace flies," and
they are attracted to and develop in
fermenting fruit juices of all kinds.
A busket of over-ripe grapes, or an
apple or pear, beginning' to decay, at-
tract a swarm from the surrounding^
at very short notice, and with the dis-
appearance of the material that at-
tracted them the flies also disappear.
fine crop of feed, one that will give
satisfaction. In tho opinion of Field
and Farm, alfalfa would pay farmers
much better if it were plowed up and
resown every six or 3even years. Al-
ways have one field sown one year
before plowing tho other up, so as
to be sure of having feed for the com-
ing winter. The next work after the
airalfa fields are well worked over Is
to run the harrows over the winter
wheat both ways so as to break up
the baked surface and kill all young
weeds as soon as they appear. This
allows the fresh air to get to the
root3 to give them fresh life and
vigor, but be careful before starting
the barrow that the teeth are turned
backward.
Simple Poultry Houses.-— Poultry
houses that are simple of construction
i are the best poultry houses. The
fancy poultry houses that are all cut
! up with partitions and other inside
methods of division are more trouble
| to take care of than the plain houses.
We have visited poultry houses of
which their owners were very proud
and which seemed to contain a dem-
onstration of every suggestion that
!iad ever been made as to fixtures in
poultry houses. That such houses are
of little service every experienced
j poultryman knows. If we work to-
I ward the simple and away from the
| complex we will obtain better rc-
j suits than in any other way.
Buckwheat a Profitable Crop.—
I In growing buckwheat I have usually
j expected to thresh 12 to 18 bushels
buckwheat to the acre. I regard this
a profitable crop. It is a great aid
in subsiding land, says a writer in Or-
ange .ludd Farmer. Generally, buck-
wheat is grown on new breaking;
break the land about six Inches deep,
cultivate well with a spring tooth har-
row, the more the better. I find three
bags about the right amount of seed
to the acre. I put it in with a disk
drill.
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Miller, C. H. The Hennessey Clipper. (Hennessey, Okla.), Vol. 18, No. 47, Ed. 1 Thursday, April 9, 1908, newspaper, April 9, 1908; Hennessey, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc105599/m1/3/: accessed April 19, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.