Home, Field and Forum (Guthrie, Okla.), Vol. 4, No. 2, Ed. 1 Saturday, February 1, 1896 Page: 4 of 16
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ROWS, PIKLD AJfD PORUM.
February,
tfiorticullurc.
evaporated raspberries.
Yr «, HD'tMin l v— * * Ei|*r1 «ol Stalin
\>f Kr f I. H Hail*
Western New York leads the world
in the production of dried raspberries
Something 1 ik<- l.VJO tons of the evap-
orated product are marketed e ch
year Of thin, about !,«« tons are
produced in Wayne county, in which
the towns of Williamson and Sodus,
which produce nearly or quite half of
the amount, are the most important
center*. Marion, in Wayne county, is
aim) a heavy producer of dried berries.
< lutside of Wayne county the region
tributary to Dundee. Yates county, in
the most Important center of the dried
raspberry Industry. The product so'd
at Dundee is probably upwards of 150 j
tnni each year. Many berries arc also
dried south and cast of Dundee, in
Schuyler county, round about Watkins.
In Niagara county the industry has be-
come established at Somerset, where
about twenty tons are produced each
year There are also many persons
who dry rasplterries in other parts of
the fruit regions of western New York,
and the industry is gradually enlarg-
ing as people come to learn that it af
fords a means of making the grower
independent of the open market.
Yet, the visitor might inquire in vain
for dried raspberries in many of the
stores in this western New York coun-
try. In other words, the product is
not largely consumed in this State. It
is used mostly west and northwest of
Chicago, l'robably four-fifths of the
product is consumed inlumberand min-
ing camps, and on the plains, where
fresh fruit is scarce. None of it so far
as I know, is exported, and there is
very little, if any, commercial dried
product in Kurope. C. H Perkins A-
Co., Newark. N. Y., "tried the experi-
ment of exporting some of these
goods to France several years ago, but
shipped only two or three cases of
them. The goods are still on hand
In France, with no disposition to take
them at any price." Raspberries are
dried to an important extent in south-
ern Illinois and in Michigan, and lately
also in Arkansas. These dried rasp-
berries have as much merit in cook-
ery as the fresh berries, and they are
used in the same manner in sauces and
pies.
Wayne county is the. home of com-
mercial eva|>oration. In the apple-
growing communities, nearly every
farm has an evajtorator of one kind or
another. It is said that there are 2,200
evHfxirators in the county, and this es-
timate is probably none too high. All
this industry Is the product of the last
twenty-five years.
The" beginning "of the modern indus-
try, however, and the introduction of
the word "evafKirated" to designate
the product, date from ls~0, when
Charles Alden, of Newburgh, N. Y-.
patented his tower evaporator. The
decade from 1*70 to 1*M0 was prolific in
the Invention of capacious e vapor tors
and accessories, some of which deter-
mined the course of the evaporating
industry.
The evajHirators which are used in
western New York may be arranged in
live categories the liciins, horizontal
evajsirators,towers steam tray evapora-
tors and air-blast eva)S)rators. The kiln
is nothing more than a slatted floor, un-
derneath which hot air or smoke pipes
or steam pipes are conducted. The
slats are hard wood, sawed about seven-
eighths inch wide on top and a half
Inch wide on the bottom, and they are
laid so that a crack one-fourth inch
wide is left on the Moor. As the crack
is wider lielow, It does not clog and 1111
up. The kiln is used for curing hops,
for drying the skins and cores of ap-
ples, and occasionally for drying1 rasp
1 terries and even for the making of
"white stock," that Is, the commercial
grade of sliced evaporated apples.
The horizontal evaporators, In which
the pans or trays of fruit are moved
horizontally or obliquely across the
heating surface, are little used in west-
ern New York, and are therefore not
diwuased In this paper.
The tower or stack eva|>orators, In
various forms, far out-number other
•ppll*no«s In this State. T>ie stack Is
a cblmney-like' structure, of wood or
brick, resting In the basement of the
building and extending up through the
building and projecting above the
roof. A coal or wood furnace prefer-
ably the former—Is placed in its base,
and air, which is drawn In from the
basement. pa< Hes over the heated sur-
faces and ascends through the shaft,
drying the fruit as it rises and carry-
ing the vapors into the atmosphere.
The fruit is placed in the stack on the
first floor. that is the floor above the
basement. It is spread on trays, and
as new trays are put in those which
were first inserted are elevated in the
tower. The trays finally reach the
second story, by which time the fruit
should be finished, and the trays are
removed and emptied and taken ba< k
to the first floor, to be used again.
Thayer's Berry Bulletin for February.
The growers of berries for market
should realize that ordinary farm
methods are not sufficient. Berries
cannot be grown and marketed as easily
as wheat, corn aud jiotatoeB. Berry
growing like market gardening, re-
quires the greatest concentration of
of goOd soil, labor and thought.
T-oo ir.ueh land is the bane of most
fruit-growing as well as farming- Suc-
cess would lie more certain if acreage
were divided and fertility, preparation
and cultivation increased. Intensified
farming and concentration of energy
are the diamond drills that bore out
success.
Take counsel from books, papers and
practical growers, but let it be tem
pered with your own best judgment
and ex jierlence. Actual knowledge
and practical experience should go
hand in hand. Let the beginner com-
mence moderately and go slow. Do
only what can tie well done. Nothing
but the best product will pay.
1'se a limited variety of best plants,
producing large, firm, attractive fruit.
Have a note book ready and make a
complete record of all facts and dates
for future reference. When one acre
has been mastered, producing one or
two hundred bushels of best fruit, then
acreage may be increased.
Few realize the actual cost of bring-
ing an acre of bush berries to a good
bearing age be careful. You may
safely - estimate that, after securing
land in a high state, of cultivation,
every acre of good small fruits, well
set, missing hills filled in and brought to
a Itearing age, will cost from *120 to
$lf>0 in well-earned dollars or their
equivalent in honest work at $1.25 per
day.
The following estimates of one acre
of blackberries 13 made after many
years experience on "The Thayer
Fruit Farms," and indicates methods
adopted:
now so much practiced, all wrong
the practice is merely for ornamenta
purposes It Is all right, but for ru
is all wrong. 1 find that the largest
and best flavored peaches grow on the
stems farthest from the trunk 1 caches
must have sunlight and air. I prune
Ui spread the top, and grow the limbs
to pierce the sky, like church spires. 1
find to grow jn-ach trees with apple
trees does not impair the quality of the
fruit or the trees.—J- J■ /*'"'!/'r-
Kuiixiix Fnrmt r.
February Notes.
Oil up the harness.
Finish the planning.
He sure of your supply of seed.
(let the work teams mated up
(iet all of the manure hauled possible
He ready to sow grass and clover at the
first opportunity.
Kruit trees may l>e set out if the ground
is in good condition.
Do not undertake so much that any part
of the work will be done hurriedly.
A (rood part of the work done in Febru
arv will save that much time later on.
Ue <flpiur)|.
Plowing l nd
Harrowing four time*
Marking anil laying out
Plants
Netting plants
Cultivating fifteen tunes
Hoeing three tim«s
Mmiure. twenty I >aii f<>c mulching
Covering plants, for winter
Total ex|>eiii e, tirxt yi«r
Heiuovlng covering
Cultivating fifteen times
II'wing tliree time* I'.ii" "
Plants an'I reeetting miwHtig hills
Nipping and pruning
Mulching ami manure
Poats for fupport, sixty-two ..
Htakes for support of vines :«*)
Wire for support : K) pounds No. 12
I«t>or on support
laying and covering for winter
We of tools
1 v)
2 no
1 (10
: hi
r> do
1 no
is oo
2 V)
With all crops less work will be required
to cultivate if the preparatory work is done
well.
One advantage in stirring the soil deep
is that it tends to induce the roots to go
deeper into the soil.
A little care in supplying the stock with
a good variety now will help materially in
keeping them with a good appetite.
If the teams are to do the most work to
the best advantage it is very essential to
have them in a good thrifty condition.
When the teams have been idle during
the winter the better plan is to put them to
work gradually ; they will stand it better.
As a general rule as it becomes necessary
to increase the work,of the teams it will be
best to gradually increase the grain ration.
Plan to grow a good variety of crops, car
rylng out a good system of rotation, so as to
distribute the work as evenly as possible
With all crops there is what may be
termed a best time for seeding or planting
and the nearer the work can be done to this
time the better.
While it is always an item to get the
spring crops In early -it is of no advantage
to seed or plant until the soil will work
readily Into a good tilth.
Under present conditions if the best profit
is realized it is very important to lessen the
cost of production so far as can be done and
yet maintain the quality.
One of the most important items in set-
ting out trees of all kinds is to see that the
roots are spread out naturally and that the
roots and soil come in close contact.
Many pastures and meadowsareserlously
Injured by allowing the stock to tramp over
them when the ground is soft, as it is more
or less during the latter part of winter or
early spring
One advantage in growing some forage
crops is that they will usually withstand
drought better than other crops, so that
there Is a lessened risk of a complete fail
ure at least of feed for the stock.
Kldon. Mo. N. J Shbimibho.
Swarming.
Since exploring the Interior Hf a bee-
hive, we arc no more at a loss to know
when to expect swarms. The weather
being favorable, we can tell to a cer-
tainty the day and almost the hour
they are likely to issue. I 'reparations
for swarming may readily be discov-
ered a week previous to their Issuing
The construction of queen cells will
commence eight lays, as a rule, before
swarming. Any time during this pe-
riod we make discovery of these cells,
we can ascertain their time of matur-
ity by the advancement of construction.
The queen cells will be sealed over
about the eighth day, and at this time
the swarm is due. First t warms most
generally issue in the fore part of the
day, when the sun is well up, about 9
o'clock, although there are exceptions,
but as a general rule first swarms have
quite a system of regularity In trans-
acting business. Second swarms are
more irregular as to the time of day in
issuing, but the eighth or ninth day
from the time of first swarms coming
we ctn expect them if the day is fair.
It will be observed that from the time
queen cells are first r-tarted until the
second swarms come, is about sixteen
days, as this is the length of time
allotted to the hatching of queens
The first queen hatched or liberated
(from the cell Is ready to accompany the
swarm, and as these young queens con-
tinue to hatch two or three days, daily
swarms may be expected. Strange as
it may seem, yet it is true, that the
queen matures in sixteen days, the
worker lice in twenty-one days and the
drone in twenty-four days. It will be
clearly understood, then, that the old
queen accompanies the first swarm,
and the proper time of the issuitig of
this swarm is eight days from the time
queen cells are started. And at this
period the queen cells are sealed over,
which la evidence that the swarm is
due. The parent stock, ti en, is with-
out a queen eight days thereafter, and
until the first young queen issues from
the cell, when the sccond swarm may
be ex[>ected.
( us i".
2 50
7 vi
3 75
h 75
2 50
25 (jo
* 00
« 1)0
e DO
;(75
5 00
4 (10
Total ft* two years 1150 00
In favored localities, something may
be saved oncostof manure, labor, omit-
ting winter protection, etc. But any
attempt to reduce amount of labor, fer-
tilizer, mulching, etc., will certainly
result in reduction of both quality and
quantity of fruit.
Tree Wash and Insect Dertroyer.
Carnahan's tree wash and Insect de
stroyer is the only known compound that Is
sure destruction to the bore worm on all
kinds of fruit trees and vines, destroys the
apple root louse (aphis) and many other in-
sects, and also protects the plum from the
curcrtiio and all kinds of fruit trees from
rabbits. It Is a fine fertilizer, causing a
hardy and productive growth and greatly
increases and Improves the quality and
quantity of the fruit. It prevents and
cures blight. It Is put up in a condensed
form, In one gallon tin cans, in strength to
make two gallons of the wash when ready
for use All the user has to do Is to add
thewater. Agents wanted
John Wiswei.i,, Sole M'f'r.,
Columbus, Kas
Growing Peaches for Profit.
The most profitable Investment that
I have Is a peach orchard. I find
that home grown seedlings are the
most profitable, for the peach is a
very slow acCllmator. In fifteen years
the third propagation from the seed
not only had improved In quality and
size of fruit, but In productiveness and
vitality of the tree. I find that people
will buy and pay a good price for good
sized seedlings, In fact, for all purposes
they will sell side by side with budded
fruit. I find the end -clipping system,
Oorn Growing Revolutionized.
A new corn has appeared, the corn of our
fancy and dreams—big ears, small cobs,
deep kernels, enormous, yes, marvelous
cropper! That's Salzer's (iolden Triumph.
One thousand farmers tested it in 1895 and
are sure that 200 to '250 bushels can lie
grown per acre 1 Where will it end' Sal-
zer's catalogue Is full of rare things for
farm and garden
If you will cut (III" out and send
It with 10 cents, postage, to the John A. Sal
zer Seed Co., I^a Crosse, Wis., you will
receive their mammoth catalogue and ten
packages grasses and grains, Including Sal
zer's (Jolden Triumph corn, free
Robbing,
There is no time during the whole
year that will compare with the early
spring months in heavy losses, if bees
are allowed the privilege of robbing,
and at no other time Is it more likely
to occur. Many stocks will be found
queenless at the winding up of winter,
and all such are a bait for robbers, if
allowed to remain long in this condi-
tion. Very weak colonies are also in
danger of being robbed. On account
of their discouraged condition, being
but few in numbers, they do not care to
protect their stores. All such defi-
ciencies should be looked after in time
and prevented if possible. When rob-
bing once gets a start in the apiary it
is very troublesome, and is hard to
check. Robbing is not always confined
at home, but perhaps often neighbor-
ing apiaries are visited, and 1 have
known bees to execute their theft sev-
eral miles away. There Is nothing
gained on either side in robbing, as It
is a damage not only to the colony be-
ing robbed, but also to the one doing
the robbing Hence, to prevent this
greatest of evils in the apiary we should
see that all colonies are in proper con-
dition during the first warm days of
spring.
To the inexperienced it is sometimes
very difficult to know just exactly when
robbing is being carried on. I have often
been called to examine liees for robbing
when there was nothing of the kind
going on. Near the middle of the day
bees often take a "play fly," principally
the young bees. This Is often mis-
taken for robbing, when it Is nothing
but innocent exercise. The experi-
enced eye can detect the action of a
robber bee at a glance. A cowardly,
thieving action, darting down to the
entrance and withdrawing a number
of times, and if danger is not apparent
he will shoot'into the hive, and If al-
lowed to pass unmolested and fill him-
self with honey and bring out his
unharmed, he Is sure to come baok a
second time and bring a number of hi*
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Soule, J. S. Home, Field and Forum (Guthrie, Okla.), Vol. 4, No. 2, Ed. 1 Saturday, February 1, 1896, newspaper, February 1, 1896; Guthrie, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc102427/m1/4/: accessed April 24, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.