The Chandler News. (Chandler, Okla.), Vol. 6, No. 4, Ed. 1 Friday, October 16, 1896 Page: 1 of 4
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The Chandler News.
VOLUME VI.
CHANDLER, OKLAHOMA, FRIDAY, OCT. 10,1896.
NUMBER I
r
R.D.WRIGHT'S DRUG STORE
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JOBBER AND BET AIL DEALER IN-
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FARM AND GARDEN.
MATTERS OF INTEREST TO
AGRICULTURISTS.
mil* l/p-to-dute Hint* About Cultlve-
tlou of tli* Soil and Yleldt Thereof
— Horticulture. Viticulture mid Flori-
culture
All the work thus far done at the
Arizona Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, located at Tucson, hah led Prof.
Forbes, the chemist of the station, to
deduct the following conclusions re-
specting this important Industry, as set
forth in Bulletin No. 21 of this station,
just issued:
1. Canaigre isbest adapted to the mild,
dry, sunny winter rlimate of the south-
west. Although it will ondure frost,
nnd will grow In rainy regions, it does
not promise good results In these un-
congenial situations.
2. Canaigre roots and leave* are
damaged to some extent by Insects, but
the plant Is not known to he seriously
threatened by them.
3. Canaigre tanning materials are j
found throughout the plant, being in
greatest quanltity in the central por-
tions of the roots.
I. The tanning materials form rapid-
ly during the first year of growth, show-
ing a small percentage Increase after
the first year, and as long as the root
retains Its vitality.
5. During the dormant summer perl j
od of the plant, the tanning materials ,
seem slightly to Increase In young
roots. Sprouting does not. affect the
quantity of tanning materials. The evi -
dence thus far does not show that ir-
rigation lessens the percentage of tan-
ning materials.
ti. Heat, air, nnd fermentation, act-
ing on either roots or extract*, all de-
stroy canaigre tanning materials.
7. The red and yellow coloring mat-
ters of canaigre affect the quality of
leather produced. The red matters are
less desirable and are formed chiefly
In the wild crop. They are not present
In quantity in cultivated roots. This
fact Is considered an improvement in
the quality of the root for tanning pur-
poses.
8. The sugar contained in canaigre
gives roots and extracts their "plump-
ing" qualities. If properly managed
it is a valuable factor in the production
of heavy leathers.
9. Canaigre bagasse, properly pre-
pared, should be about equal to mes-
qulte wood in fuel value. When well
rotted it ought also to have consider*
able value as a fertilizer. It promises
little as a stock food.
10. Canaigre draws heavily upon the
soil, especially for nitrogen. Its total
drain is about twice as costly uh that
of sugar beets.
II. The utility of canaigre in dem-
onstrated. Properly handled It pro-
duces an unusual variety of leathers of
excellent quality.
12. The .agriculture of canaigre is yet
in its experimental stage. A fair esti-
mate shows that it will be necessary
to produce an annual crop of about
seven tons, or a biennial crop of about
thirteen tons an acre in order to equal
the profits of sugar l>eet culture. On
present, evidence this yield seems high- j
ly probable, but. so far as known, has j
not yet been demons!rated.
Irrlu 7"~T! *.ka.
The greatest n**ed of Irrigation is j
when the growing crop demands moist-
tire for Its support, says a writer In
World-Herald. The condition prevails
more genernliy during the months of
July and August than In the preceding
months. Careful farmers have said j
that they were not greatly concerned
about the moisture conditions during
the spring season, that more was sure
to be had and less needed during this
period than later when the crop was
growing and when the Influences of
evaporation are greatest. The critical
period with the corn crop is at hand, If
seasonable showers supply surface mois |
ture the corn crop will be a bountiful
one. The grnatpst corn ernp prospect
ever seen In the corn country of the
Missouri valley was during the month
of July in 1894. The seasonable show-
ers had carried an immense growth of
the plant up to the beginning of the
drouth, when there was little if any
under moisture to assist. When the
hot blistering winds which followed
commenced their ruinous work on veg-
etation, the crop was left to the mercy
of this unfavorable condition of the
elements anil 'the evident lack of un- ;
der moisture then became manifest. Ir- '
rlgatlon U a permanency iu crop grow-
ing; it Is not a conditional improve-
ment, where agriculture is made a bus-
iness. There Is not a season in which
Irrigation Is not needed in order to ac-
quire the best results in crop growth.
A few days of hot, windy weather will
check the growth of any crop where
artificial moisture cannot be called in
to use. It matters not what Influences
of drouth are presented, the remedy is
at hand to avert crop loss and the farm
er rests easy knowing that his substi- 1
tute is sufficient to provide all the re-
quirements of the crop in a successful
growth and bountiful yield. Irrigated
Nebraska will raise a great crop this
year, and in the years to come will Its
Influence add to the sure crop acreage
of the state by a widening out of the
Irrigated districts.
The PMtnre
There lr. no other part of farm man-
agement that Is so often made unprofit-
able by neglect as pasturing, and there
is no other that may be made more
profitable, truly says a •erognized au-
thority in the "Country Gentleman."
It Is one of the most convenient raeth-
ods of gathering and using the prod-
uct of the soil, and the animals do
better on this natural feeding than on
any artificial substitute for It But
: nnlees the fis'un# l* la th b*e' poe
I
sible condition the profit of it is great-
ly reduced or wholly lost and the use
of the land becomes wasteful
Natural Pasture Pastures may be
permanent or, temporary. The perma-
nent pasture is. however, not so well
suited to our climate as in countries
where the summer is cooler and the
rainfall Is greater In the summer, for
nothing more conduces to the growth
of grassthan molstureand coolness. The
best soil canuot produce grass without
the requisite supply of moisture, and if
this be provided, either naturally or
artificially bv Irrigation, the heat of
the climnte becomes a secondary con-
sideration. But it is also true that the
condition of the land may have much
to do with this supply of indispensa-
ble moisture, for it may be mad > so
much raor# retentive ef its water as to
greatly overcome the tendency to evap-
oration by the excessive heats of the
summer. Thus we find such localities
as that known as the blue grass region
of Kentucky, in which the soil Is so
well suited to the growth ot grass and
so retentive of the needed moisture as
to produce the finest pasture and main-
tain It in the best condition for a ccn-
tury. There are found fields that have
never been broken by the plow. In
which the native grass at first took
complete possession and has kept it
and promises to keep It In perennial
verdure. This, however, is one of the
rare Instances on this continent of such
favorable conditions of soil and eli
mate, for elsewhere the greatest skill j
hardly prevails against the natural ob-
stacles to the maintenance of perma-
nent pasturage
Preparation. But It is not at all dif-
ficult to make a profitable pasture for
a short term of years by a due prepara-
tion of the soil and after care. This
preparation consists of thorough plow-
ing. fertilizing and proper selection of
the varieties of grass. Braining is in-
dispensable if the soil is not naturally
d-alned, for in-such cases the land may
very easily be too dry for the growth
of grass at. one time, and at another
time may be too wet ami sodden, and
drainage often.tends to render the soil
moist by conserving the water and
preventing too rapid evaporation.
Moreover, a wet pasture is always In-
jured most seriously by the tramping
of animals and the poaching of the
ground. ,
Preservation.—When by the skill ot
the farmer the pasture has been made,
its preservation is not to be neglected.
It will not do to leave it to its chances.
It must be fed .qulto as much as the
animals that feed upou it. It must be
repaired continually by fresh seed and
fertilizers, as time and season may
make inroads upon It. To leave any
pasture without due care to avoid cer-
tain injury by neglect is to encourage
the loss of the grass and the substitu-
tion of weeds for it. And in addition it
must be so used as to give all needed
opportunities for the grass to make
sufficient growth before it is eaten down
at the beginning of the feeding sea-
son. This is an important considera-
tion at. this time.
Meiloan Sheep
The old Mexican sheep ate the di-
rect descendants of the original Span-
ish Merino brought over two hundred
years ago by Spaniards to Old Mexico,
says Column's Rural World They
have been bred with scarcely any out-
cross, and are a very distinctly mark-
ed breed. They have long legs, a long,
thin body, not very deep: small, rath-
er long neck, and a long thin head,
carried high. The wool Is tine and thin.
To the eye they appear almost worth-
leas as mutton rheep and of still less
value for wool. Their good points aro
that they are hardy, excellent travel-
ers, will keep in good condition on
the poorest and driest of ranges, are
fairly prolific, and can be herded in
bunches of almost any size. They fat-
ten easily, though nevor getting plump
and fat like the northern sheep When
they reach the Chicago market, if in
good condition, they outsell all other
sheep, for they shrink very little in
dressing, the meat hap an excellent
flavor, and the hide is so thin, firm ami
soft as to command the highest, price.
1,11* Price* for a Of.
This has been a year ^ hen ordinary
rules and conditions havo been pretty
w©U twisted around, says Drovers'
Journal We have gone through the
season when hogs are expected to ad-
vance with liberal supplies, excellent
quality and almost record-breaking low
prices. The country i« bearish on hogn,
and it is a question whether this ex-
ceptionally down hearted feeling will
not result in some more surprises dur-
ing the remainder of the year There
is a theory advanced that the farmers
and feeders figuring on exceptionally
low prices after the new corn crop has
had time to cut « figure, will crowd
hngs forward so fast as to inak^ the
low turn come earlier than it might
naturally be expected, and that early
winter prices are liable to l>e better
than prices between now and then.
Drinking Fountain. The cleaneat
and cheapest hone mad* drinking
fountain is constructed as follows
Take an empty fruit can, and with a
wire nail or sharp end of ;i file, make
a hole through the iin <an about on#-
fourth to one half in I, from the open
end; fill the can with - lean fresh water,
place a saucer upside down on the
filled < an and turn them upside down
on the level ground This will leave
the can setting upside down in the
saucer and the saucer will stand full
of water up to the hole in the van
This is the nicest way to water chick-
ens, and i« economical They cannot
get Into it with their f et, and it runs
out only as faar as they drink it. This
■hould he tried no*
PJvfry farmer that takes %n interest
in Crutti and flower* nhould be a mem
Her Hid MAte her'ir.ttPur^ I te^'etv
Kef • l>l la ti tug na Apiary.
A bulletin of the department of ag
riculture says: Spring Is the best time
to establish an apiary, especially for a
person unacquainted with the practi-
cal care of bees. Colonies in good con-
dition secured then are more *aslly
kept In order by the novice thau if pur-
chased In the fall. Mistakes in man-
agement may possibly be remedied l>«
fore the season closes, and by the time
It is neesasarv to prepare for the win-
ter the learner will have gained a cer-
tain amouut of practical knowl-
edge of the nature and require-
ments of bees. If the atart be
made late in the season, mistakes, if
they occur, may result fatally before
the proper remedy can be applied. The
beginner hau better obtain his start
by purchasing one or two colonies of
pure Italian or Carnlolan bees In ac-
curately made frame hives and tn flrst-
clasa condition. These he ahould get
from some bee master of repute near
his own place if possible. In order to
avoid expressage and possible damage
throug.t long confinement or numerous
transfers. The cost per colony msy be
to $8: yet bees at this price will gen-
erally be found to be much cheaper In
the end. for. though common bee* in
box hives may frequently be obtained
at half price or less, the cost, when
finally transferred Into frame hives,
fitted tip with straight combs, and the
common queens replaced by Italians or
Carnlolans, will not be less. The poa-
aesslon of a colony already In prime
working order gives the novice a stand-
ard with which to compare all others
and often euahles him to avoid coatly
experiments. Another plan, also com-
mendable. Is to agree with *ome neigh
horiug bee-keeper to deliver as many
first swarms on the day they issue as
are wanted. These will give the right
start If placed as soon as received In
hives with foundation startera and the
frames properly spaced one and three-
eighths inches from center to center, it
being understood that the swarms are
early and prime ones, with vigorous
queens. Only those Issuing from col-
onies that have swarmed the vear be-
fore or from such as were themselves
second swarms of the previous year
should be accepted. Swarms from
these will have queens not over one
year old. It is better to have queens
of the current year's raising but these
can only be obtained by taking the
second or third swarm* from a given
hive, which come later and are smaller,
or by substituting young queens for
those that, come with the swarms.
Why the Silo Par*
Until every farmer has a silo, it is
In order to preach the silo, so we beg
those who have silos to bear with us
if we seem to repeat self-evident truths,
says Jersey Bulletin. Remember what
an awful lot of preaching It lakes to
save a f *w sinners, and have patience;
or do better, help us spread the truth.
1. The silo stores awav coru more
safely and more permanently than any
other plan. Silage Is practically fire-
proof. and will keep In the silo indefin-
itely.
2. Corn can be made into silage at
less expense than it can be preserved
in any other form.
3. The silo preserves absolutely all
but the roots of the corn.
4. Silage can he made in sunshine or
in rain. Unlike hay, it is independent
of the weather.
r . When corn Is ready for the silo
there is but little farm work pressing
fi. Corn Is worth more to the dairy as
silage than In any other form.
7. At least one-third more corn per
acre may be fed on silage than on dried
cornstalks or fodder.
8. Corn Is fed more conveniently a*
silage than In any other form.
9. Silage Is of most value when fed
in combination with other food richer
in protein. It is not a complete food.
10. Owing to its succulence and bulk-
iness. silage is the best known substi-
tute for green grass, and is therefor*
especially valuable as a winter food.
Feeding fnr
Some writer says that none hut pro-
fessional poultrymen can learn to feed
properly for egg production. We are
pleased to believe that the writer is
mistaken, and that anyone that will
pay attention to the advice of other*
will be able to feed for eggp success-
fully. The point to be borne in mind is
to feed foods that make everything but
fat Corn is to be fed in very small
quantities. If fed at all. except in win-
ter. when it may be serviceable in pro-
ducing material for keeping th* birds
warm. For soft feed ground oats are
good, and bran may be mixed with
them in equal quantities by bulk, (live
the fowls all the oats the> care to eat.
feed th" scalded food morning and
night, and we beljevo pgg« can be pro-
duced the year round. This advice is
froin exccrience.
Packing Eggs When egga are
abundant and cheap is the time to pack
awav enough for winter use: and If put
up as here directed, you will find them
in perfect condition for the table. This
recipe has never failed, and is used by
large egg packers in the large cities
To four quarts of air slacked lime add
:our quarts of water, stir, then add two
tabletpoonfula of cream of tartar and
two tableapoonfuls of table salt. Stir
veil. Pla'-e the rggx in something that
■vill not leak, with the small end down,
hen pour the liquid over them until it
overt them all over If the eggs are
resh t'aev will k p finely.
Dairy Laws Needed. We have had
some good dairy laws, and we want
more of them. Some states are well
supplied and some are not. In a num-
ber of our states there are no dairy
commissioners. The great corpora
lions have been able to prevent the
making of laws to Investigate dairy
produotB and other foods. The states
that have the law* have found the
adulteration so universal, that It is per
feet 1 \ plain why the great manufac-
turers and wholesaler* appose laws for
j 'he pr«* rtion of th" people
PAYS AT SARATOGA.!
"EAST LYNNE" AS DONE BY
COLORED ACTORS.
Ho
oils «.1V
Wllllaui I>mu
of On* t'haae of l ife al tlifl Summer
Resort —■ The Self-t onirlnui Aciorn
Dividing the Applsnae. V
HK new novelette
by W. D. Ho wells
"An Open-Eyed
Conspiracy," which
Is now appearing
in The Century, is
described by the
author as "an idyl
of Saratoga." In
the current num-
ber Mr. Howoll
gives this picture of
in odd phase of life at the great Amer-
ican summer reeort:
There are not many public enter-
tainments in Saratoga, except such as
the hotels supply; hut there was a se-
ries of Salvation Army meetings, and
there was at least one theatrical per-
formance a performance of "East
Lvnne" entirely by people of color. The
oentiments and incidents of the hear
breaking melodrama, as the colored
mind Interpreted them, were of very
curious effect. It was as if the ver-
sion were dyed with the same pigment
that darkened the players' skins: it all
came out negro. Yet they had tried to
make It white; I could perceive how
they aimed not at the imitation of our
nature, but at the imitation of our con-
vention; It was like the play of chil-
dren in that. I should have said that
nothing could be more false than the
motives and emotions of the drama
a* the author Imagined them, but 1 had
to own that their rendition by these
sincere souls was yet more artificial
There was nothing traditional, nothing
archaic, nothing autochthonlc in their
poor art. If the scene could at any
moment have resolved itself Into a
walk-round with an interspereion of
"spirituals" It would have had the
charm of these; it would have consoled
and edified; but as It was I have sel-
dom been so bored
l began to make some sad reflections,
as that our American society, in its
endeavor for the effect of European so-
ciety, was of no truer ideal than these
colored comedians, and I accused my-
self of a final absurdity In having
come there with these young people,
who, according to our good native
usage, could have come perfectly well
without me. At the end of the first
act I broke into their talk with m.\
conclusion that we must not count the
histrionic talent arnoug the gifts of the
African race Just yet. We could ron
cede them music, 1 supposed, and there
seemed to be hope for them, from what
some of them had done, In the region
of the plastic arts; but apparently the
stage was not for them, and thin was
all the stranger because they were so
imitative. Perhaps. I said, it was an
excess of self-consciousness which pre-
vented their giving themselves wholly
to the art.
j I gave myself to the study of the
J type* about me. and I dwelt long and
: luxuriously upon the vision of a florid
I and massive matron in diaphanous
evening dress, whom I imagined to be
revisiting the glimpses of her girlhood
in the ancient watering place, and to be
ting ail the gaiety she could out ot
It. These are the figures one mostly
sees at Saratoga; there is very little
youth of the present day there, but the
youth of the past abounds, with the
belated yellow hair or the purple mus-
taches, which give a notion of greater
wickedness in a former generation.
1 made my observation that the
dress, even In extreme cases of elder-
ly prime, was very good in the case
of the women. I mean; the men there,
as everywhere with us, were mostly
slovens: and T was glad to find that
the good taste and the correct fash
Ion were without a color line; there
were some mulatto ladles present, as
stylish as their white sisters, or step
sisters.
The most amiable of the human race
Is in great force at Saratoga, where the
vast, hotel service Is wholly in its
hands, and It had honored the effort
of the comedian.", that night with a
fill house of their own complexion. \\
who were not "f H showed strangely
enough In the dark mass, who lot us
lead the applause, however, as if
doubtful themselves where It ought to
come in, and whom I found willing
even to share some misplaced laughter
of mine. They formed two-thirds of
the audience on the floor, and they
wore a cloud in the gallery, scarcely
broken by a gleam of white
( olt Hung In i Apple Tree
Mr. W. H. Thorniley. who resides
east of the city. lost Wednesday last ;i
fine Oudan colt In a P"' iliar m inni
An apple tree whlch stc od in the or
1 chard to which the colt had access had
| a fork, just above which was a large
i knot. The colt got iia neck caught iu
I the fork and was unable to extricate
itself on account of the knot. In its
j struggle to get free It hung itself. Ma-
( rletta Times.
>ery l ikely.
She—You may say what you will, 1
think you will find that women arc
less wicked than men. I expect that
heaven will be inhabited principally
by women. Hf Very likely. The
inen, of course, will generally be found
in the smoking-room bfclow Boston
Transcript
llilkins- "How can you tell a great
man when you see him?" WUklns
if he looks It i>n t ' New York
World.
STUPID JURIES.
Duron ltrainwell Complained of UnfAlr*
u 'M to K <i;w4y Cou.paste*
Piron Bra t v-*ll vv t never w eary of
denouncing t j oersistent unfairness
of Juries to rnllw. ; companies; and he
well knew their ability to misunder-
stand everything done and said by
judge, counsel and witnesses, says
Temple Bar. With the assistance of a
special jury, ho once tried at assizes
an action of trespass or ejectment, the
question in dispute being whether the
lord of the manor or an adjoining own-
er was entitled to certain strips of land
at the side of a road. Maps, plans and
conveyances threw little light on the
matter and many witnesses were called
to prove acts of ownership. One of the
witnesses was the surveyor of high-
ways. The evidence was nicely bal-
anced, and the learned baron took
great pains to sift it and to explain to
the Jury the effects of the acts proved.
To his surprise they promptly and
confidently, in this obscure and diffi-
cult case, returned a verdict for the
defendant. On leaving the assize town
the judge found himself in a railway
carriage with one of his special jury-
men. "Well, you gentlemen," he said,
"had not much trouble in arriving at
a verdict." "Oh, dear, no!" wus the
reply, "after your summing tip as to
those acts of ownership it was quite
clear to us that the real owner of the
land was the surveyor of highways!"
The jitrynen had not the excuse lor
blundering that baron Braarwc-U was
long-winded auil tedlvio, or tfca. he
leavened his summing up with dogma-
tism about .totters unconnected with
the business before him He could be
concise and pithy—he could not be
anything else. In the memoir pub-
lished at his death In the Times are
some instances of hi': terseness. Here
is one told of him by the late Mr. Jus-
tice Archibald. A prisoner was tried
before the l:aron on a charge of steal-
ing a ham. The day was hot; th«
counsel was loquacious; the audience
perspired, and so did the ham, tho
presence of which made Itself felt In
court as the day wore on. At bust,
every one helng weary, came the
judge's turn to sum up. He did so
thus: "There, gentlemen, la the pris-
oner; and there, gentlemen, is the ham.
Consider your verdict."
CONVERSATION'S SM ALU COIN.
We Aro Indebted o Shake., peare for
Muoh of it.
How many, for instance, speaking of
he wife as "the better lini"." know
that they are quoting Sir P.i< j Sid-
ney or invoking "Mm. Crundy" guess
that the a.r-hor was Thomas Morton,
a playwright who lived till 1838? asks
( ham bent Journal. Such phrases or
snatches of phrases are tho small coin
of conversation, which bear the un me
imprint, as the more *nportant quo-
tation and we u *3 th«m freely w ithout
a thought, of fHolr origin, as we pass
the "nimble e.rpance" from hand fco
hand in our dally traffic without a
glance at its workmanship. The met-
aphor that struck our ancestors as o
admirable strikes u* still and wo oon-
tinue to use the apt adjective which,
first given by Shakespeare or Milton*
sounds as fresh to-day as when origi-
nally applied.
The "bubble reputation," the "itch-
ing palm," the "milk of human kind-
ness," t.he "undiscovered country," the
green-eyed monster," alill our favor-
ite synonyms for fame, covetousness,
humanity, eternity and Jealousy, are
from Shakespeare, who has indeed fur-
nished us with much of our small coin,
His adjectivcs are the most apposite,
too, of any in the language. Quoting
him we speak of an "ancient grudge,"
of "bated breath," "this working day
world," "good set terms." "a foregone
conclusion," "better days," "fell pur-
pose," "even-handed Justice," "golden
opinions," "a charmed life," "a tower-
ing passion," "a round, unvarnished
tale," "hairbreadth 'scapes" and many
more common expressions whose list
it were but "damnable iteration" to
extend. Verbal phrases of his are also
of the most familiar. To "dance at-
tendance," to "scotch the snake, not
kill it," to "applaud to the echo," to
J sup with horrors," to "die in harness,"
"making right hideous," "a trio un-
' fold," to "out-Herod Herod," to "f^ol
i to the top of his bent," to cudgel one's
•rains," to 4 speak by tso card" ars
-ome of the most obvious examples.
Criminal Line* In a Men'* Face.
"I used to bo a strong believer In
physiognomy," said R. C. ltiuer, a vis-
itor i: Washington, "but have lost
some of my faith in it as a science. In
tact, a man's surroundings have very
much to do with the character shown
by the face. I had an Must rat1 on of
this coming to Washington. When we
l"ft Chicago, I noticed a group of men
' two or three seats in front of me, but
paid no atteuti m to them particularly,
i but after we h;.d gone about fifty miles
i I saw that one of them was handcufTed.
He was well dressed, and at first I
thought he did not look like a criminal,
but soon saw the lines that betokened
i tinning, duplicity and a lack of mol-
ality generally. I became ro Interest-
- d that my gaze attracted th attention
;>f one of the officers having him in
charge, who aai'i 'You seem to bs
studying tho man I have there Did
>ou ever see him before 1' old nim
that I had not, but 1 was a physiogno-
mist and was studying the criminal
lines in the face. He prevailed upou
me to make a report on the man's char-
acter, which was greeted with laugh-
ter from the prisoner as veil as the of-
ficers. Then tin ex-* ained that
• was of irrepr rliable harneter, ano
in a prank had t • *?d on the oufts. which
belonged to th* ofltcer, and the key
being lost cot not get thsra off Than
the criminal ffnc in the face all dis~
i appeared.1Washlngtoi
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Gilstrap, H. B. & Gilstrap, Effie. The Chandler News. (Chandler, Okla.), Vol. 6, No. 4, Ed. 1 Friday, October 16, 1896, newspaper, October 16, 1896; Chandler, Oklahoma. (https://gateway.okhistory.org/ark:/67531/metadc115311/m1/1/: accessed April 23, 2024), The Gateway to Oklahoma History, https://gateway.okhistory.org; crediting Oklahoma Historical Society.